All articles starting with R
22,461 articles
R v Hasan
R v Hasan [2005] UKHL 22 (also R v Z) is a House of Lords case and the leading English authority on duress: duress fails where the defendant voluntarily associated with criminals and foresaw violent compulsion; exculpatory statements are not PACE confessions.
R v Marshall
R v Marshall is the 1999 Supreme Court of Canada decision recognizing a Mi'kmaq treaty right under the 1760-61 Peace and Friendship Treaties to hunt, fish and gather for a moderate livelihood, subject to justified regulation.
R v McManus and Harvey
R v McManus and Harvey [2007] VCC 619: Victorian County Court contempt case in which Herald Sun journalists Gerard McManus and Michael Harvey were fined $7,000 each for refusing to reveal a source, prompting Australia's federal journalist shield laws.
R v Ruzic
R v Ruzic, 2001 SCC 24, is a Supreme Court of Canada case in which Marijana Ruzic's acquittal for importing heroin was upheld and the immediacy and presence requirements of the Criminal Code duress defence, s. 17, were struck down under Charter s. 7.
R v W (D)
R v W(D), [1991] 1 SCR 742, is the Supreme Court of Canada's leading credibility-case decision, establishing the three-part W(D) jury instruction on reasonable doubt when an accused's denial competes with a complainant's testimony.
R-1 (Р-1) (missile)
The R-1 (Р-1, NATO name SS-1 Scunner) was the first Soviet ballistic missile, a copy of the German V-2 developed by Sergei Korolev, in service from 1950.
R-1234yf
R-1234yf (HFO-1234yf, 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene) is a mildly flammable hydrofluoroolefin refrigerant with global warming potential near zero, adopted since the early 2010s to replace R-134a in car air conditioning.
R-1234ze(E)
R-1234ze(E), also written HFO-1234ze(E), is a low-global-warming-potential hydrofluoroolefin refrigerant and blowing agent developed to replace R-134a in chillers, heat pumps, foam insulation, and inhaler propellants.
R-2 (Р-2) (missile)
The R-2 (Р-2), also known as SS-2 Sibling, was a Soviet ballistic missile developed under Sergei Korolev at NII-88, adopted in 1951 with a range of 600 kilometers.
R-27 (air-to-air missile)
The Vympel R-27 (NATO: AA-10 Alamo) is a family of Soviet medium-to-long-range air-to-air missiles developed for the MiG-29 and Su-27, with modular radar and infrared seekers.
R-32 (refrigerant)
R-32 is the refrigerant designation for difluoromethane, a single-component hydrofluorocarbon with a global warming potential of 675, used mainly in air conditioners and heat pumps since Daikin introduced the first residential unit in 2012.
R-36
The R-36 (8K67, NATO reporting name SS-9 Scarp) was a Soviet second-generation intercontinental ballistic missile developed by Mikhail Yangel's bureau in Dnepropetrovsk, becoming the basis for the R-36M and the Tsiklon and Dnepr launch vehicles.
R-36 (Р-36) (missile)
The R-36 (Р-36), known to NATO as the SS-18 "Satan", is a family of Soviet and Russian heavy intercontinental ballistic missiles developed at the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau in Ukraine.
R-360 Neptune (Р-360 «Нептун»)
The R-360 Neptune (Р-360 «Нептун») is a Ukrainian subsonic anti-ship cruise missile developed by the Luch design bureau from the Kh-35 and adopted in 2020.
R-36M
The R-36M, known to NATO as the SS-18 "Satan", is a Soviet-designed, silo-based, liquid-propellant heavy intercontinental ballistic missile developed at Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine, deployed from 1975 and capable of carrying ten MIRVs.
R-37 (missile)
The R-37 (NATO AA-13 Axehead), developed by Vympel, is a Russian very-long-range air-to-air missile for attacking AWACS aircraft, tankers, and bombers from outside escort range; its R-37M variant serves mainly on MiG-31 interceptors.
R-410A
R-410A, also known as Puron, is a hydrofluorocarbon refrigerant blend used in residential and commercial air conditioning and heat pumps as the replacement for R-22.
R-7
The R-7 (Семёрка, Semyorka) was the world's first intercontinental ballistic missile, developed in the Soviet Union under Sergei Korolev, first flown in 1957 and later launching Sputnik.
R-7 Semyorka
The R-7 Semyorka, also known as the SS-6 Sapwood, was the world's first intercontinental ballistic missile, developed at Sergei Korolev's OKB-1 and first flown successfully in August 1957.
R-73 (missile)
The R-73 (NATO reporting name AA-11 Archer) is a Soviet-designed short-range, infrared-homing air-to-air missile developed by Vympel, still Russia's standard close-range weapon and the benchmark for thrust-vectoring, helmet-cued missiles.
R-77
The R-77, NATO name AA-12 "Adder" and exported as the RVV-AE, is a Russian medium-range, active radar-guided air-to-air missile developed by Vympel from 1982 in response to the American AIM-120 AMRAAM.
R-CHOP regimen
R-CHOP is a combination immunochemotherapy regimen pairing the antibody rituximab with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone; standard first-line treatment for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma since 2006, curing roughly 60 to 70% of patients.
R-CNN
R-CNN, short for Regions with CNN features, is an object detection algorithm introduced in 2013 by Ross Girshick and colleagues at UC Berkeley, applying CNNs to region proposals.
R-curve
An R-curve, or crack growth resistance curve, is a fracture mechanics plot of a material's resistance to crack extension against stable crack growth, proposed by Irwin and Kies in the 1950s.
R-DHAP regimen
R-DHAP is a combination chemotherapy regimen of rituximab with dexamethasone, high-dose cytarabine, and cisplatin, used mainly as salvage therapy for relapsed CD20-positive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas such as diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, usually before stem cell transplant.
R-EPOCH regimen
R-EPOCH is a six-drug chemoimmunotherapy regimen for B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma combining rituximab with etoposide, prednisone, vincristine, cyclophosphamide, and doxorubicin, given partly by 96-hour continuous infusion.
R-hadron
An R-hadron is a hypothetical composite particle in which a long-lived gluino or squark binds with ordinary quarks or gluons; none has been observed, though LHC searches set multi-TeV mass limits.
R-matrix method
The R-matrix method is a numerical technique of atomic collision physics that partitions configuration space into inner and outer regions to compute scattering cross sections.
r-mode instability
The r-mode instability is a gravitational-wave driven instability of the rotating-fluid oscillations called r-modes, which are unstable at any nonzero spin rate if viscous damping is weak.
R-parity
R-parity, also known as matter-parity, is a discrete symmetry in supersymmetric extensions of the Standard Model that prevents rapid proton decay and makes the lightest supersymmetric particle a dark matter candidate.