All articles starting with R
22,461 articles
Reduced-rank regression
Reduced-rank regression (RRR) is a multivariate statistical method that models many correlated responses as linear functions of predictors through a low-rank coefficient matrix, used in econometrics, biology, and neuroscience.
Reduced-state sequence estimation
Reduced-state sequence estimation (RSSE) is a family of reduced-complexity trellis detectors for intersymbol interference channels, introduced by Eyuboğlu and Qureshi in 1988, recovering most of full MLSE performance at far lower complexity.
Reducing agent
A reducing agent, also called a reduction agent or reductant, is a chemical species that donates electrons to another in a redox reaction, reducing it while being oxidized itself.
Reducing body myopathy
Reducing body myopathy (RBM), FHL1-related X-linked myopathy with reducing bodies on menadione-NBT muscle biopsy; progressive weakness, rigid spine, respiratory failure, severe infantile, or adult-onset forms.
Reducing Diet
Reducing diet, also called weight loss or weight reduction diet (MeSH D004038), is any diet designed to cause weight loss, typically via a 500-750 kcal daily deficit, distinguished from maintenance and disease-specific diets.
Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+)
REDD+ is a UNFCCC framework under which developing countries receive results-based payments for verified emission reductions from reducing deforestation and forest degradation, plus conservation and sustainable management of forests.
Reducing sugar
A reducing sugar is a carbohydrate containing an aldehyde or hemiacetal group that acts as a reducing agent, such as glucose, fructose, lactose, and maltose; sucrose is nonreducing.
Reductio ad absurdum
Reductio ad absurdum, or proof by contradiction, is a proof method that assumes a statement's negation and derives a contradiction, used from Greek antiquity onward and restricted for existence proofs by intuitionism.
Reductio ad Hitlerum
Reductio ad Hitlerum (argumentum ad Hitlerum, playing the Nazi card): logical fallacy of rejecting a view because Hitler or the Nazis held it; coined by Leo Strauss in Natural Right and History (1953).
Reduction of nitro compounds
Reduction of nitro compounds, also known as nitro group reduction, converts organic nitro groups into amines by hydrogenation or metal-acid methods, the standard industrial route from nitroarenes to anilines.
Reduction of the princes (xuefan)
Reduction of the princes (xuefan, 削藩) was the Jianwen emperor's policy of demoting and abolishing Ming imperial princes, which provoked the Prince of Yan's successful rebellion.
Reduction of thermodynamics to statistical mechanics
The reduction of thermodynamics to statistical mechanics asks whether thermodynamic laws and concepts like temperature and entropy can be recovered from statistical mechanics, the canonical case study in intertheoretic reduction.
Reduction potential
Reduction potential, also called redox potential or oxidation-reduction potential, measures a species' tendency to gain electrons, expressed in volts relative to the standard hydrogen electrode at 0 V.
Reductionism
Reductionism is the philosophical position that the entities or explanations of one domain can be accounted for in terms of a more fundamental one, such as biology reducing to physics.
Reductive amination
Reductive amination, also known as the reductive amination reaction, converts an aldehyde or ketone into an amine through an imine intermediate that is then reduced.
Reductive catalytic fractionation
Reductive catalytic fractionation (RCF) is a lignin-first biorefinery method that extracts lignin from intact biomass using a polar solvent, metal catalyst, and hydrogen source, stabilizing fragments before they repolymerize.
Reductive coupling
Reductive coupling is a class of transition-metal-catalyzed carbon–carbon bond-forming reactions joining two π-components, such as an alkyne and an aldehyde, using a stoichiometric reducing agent.
Reductive cross-coupling
Reductive cross-coupling, also called cross-electrophile coupling (XEC), forms carbon–carbon bonds between two electrophiles, such as aryl and alkyl halides, using a reductant instead of an organometallic reagent.
Reductive dechlorination
Reductive dechlorination is a chemical reaction that removes chlorine atoms from chlorinated organic molecules by reduction, used to destroy chlorinated solvents and PCBs in environmental remediation.
Reductive dehalogenase
Reductive dehalogenase (RDase, EC 1.21.99.5 for PCE RDase): corrinoid and [4Fe-4S]-containing membrane enzyme, terminal reductase of anaerobic organohalide respiration, cleaving carbon-halogen bonds; key to bioremediation of chlorinated solvents.
Reductive dehalogenation of halo ketones
Reductive dehalogenation of halo ketones is the removal of a halogen atom from an α-halo ketone by a reducing agent, giving the parent ketone or a metal enolate.
Reductive group
A reductive group, or reductive algebraic group, is an algebraic group whose unipotent radical is trivial; examples include GL, SL, SO, and Sp, central to the Langlands program.
Reductone
A reductone is a compound containing an enediol group stabilized by an adjacent carbonyl, giving strong reducing power and acidity; ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is the best known member, and reductones form in the Maillard reaction.
Redunca
Redunca (reedbucks) is an African antelope genus in Bovidae, subfamily Reduncinae, with three to six recognized species including the southern reedbuck, bohor reedbuck, and mountain reedbuck, wetland grazers of sub-Saharan Africa.
Redundancy (engineering)
Redundancy in engineering is the use of more than one independent means to do a job, so one failure does not stop the system; the gain requires independent failures.
Redundancy analysis
Redundancy analysis (RDA), also called reduced-rank regression, is a constrained ordination method introduced by C. R. Rao in 1964 that relates response variables to explanatory variables through regression followed by PCA.
Redundancy resolution
Redundancy resolution is the problem of choosing one motion for a kinematically redundant robot manipulator, one with more joint degrees of freedom than its task requires.
Redundant manipulator
A redundant manipulator is a robotic arm with more joints than its task requires, letting it avoid obstacles and singularities while tracking the end-effector path.
Redundant prepuce
Redundant prepuce (ICD-11 GB05.0, 過長包皮) is excess foreskin fully covering the non-erect glans penis; benign cases need hygiene only, while symptomatic cases may need circumcision or revision.
Redundant word line
A redundant word line is a spare row-select line in a semiconductor memory that replaces a defective word line at the same address, improving manufacturing yield of DRAM.