All articles starting with R
22,461 articles
Regulation of deubiquitinating enzymes
Regulation of deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs), proteases that remove ubiquitin tags from proteins, keeps their activity off until the right substrate, location, and moment, through autoinhibition, allostery, substrate switching, and localization.
Regulation of electronic cigarettes
Regulation of electronic cigarettes (ENDS, vapes) spans FDA deeming rule and PMTA review in the US, EU Tobacco Products Directive Article 20 limits, UK rules, and WHO guidance, with 74 countries lacking any regulation.
Regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis
Regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis is the transcriptional and metabolic control determining when, where, and in what form plant cells accumulate flavonoids, governed mainly by MYB, bHLH, and WD40 complexes.
Regulation of flight training organizations
Regulation of flight training organizations covers how national aviation authorities approve and oversee pilot training providers, including FAA Part 141 schools and EASA Approved Training Organisations.
Regulation of gene expression
Regulation of gene expression, also called gene regulation, covers the mechanisms that determine which of a cell's genes are active, how strongly, and when, underlying development and disease.
Regulation of insulin secretion
Regulation of insulin secretion: how pancreatic β-cells couple glucose metabolism via glucokinase, KATP channels, and calcium to biphasic insulin release, amplified by incretins, fatty acids, and acetylcholine and inhibited by adrenaline.
Regulation of Interception of Communications and Provision of Related Information Act, 2002
The Regulation of Interception of Communications and Provision of Related Information Act, 2002, known as RICA, is a South African law regulating communication interception, best known for mandatory SIM card registration.
Regulation of isoprenoid precursor supply
Regulation of isoprenoid precursor supply governs how cells control IPP and DMAPP, the universal isoprenoid building blocks, via the mevalonate and MEP pathways and their feedback systems.
Regulation of newspaper election endorsements
Regulation of newspaper election endorsements: in the US and Canada endorsements are protected editorial speech, with rules limited to labeling, paid-ad disclosure, and blackout periods, not the endorsements themselves.
Regulation of pesticides in the European Union
EU pesticide regulation: Regulation 1107/2009 (product authorization via EFSA), Directive 2009/128/EC (sustainable use), Regulation 396/2005 (MRLs); 2025-2026 Omnibus X simplification overhaul and scientific opposition.
Regulation of the Armenian Church (1836)
The Regulation of the Armenian Church (1836), known in Russian as the Polozhenie, was a statute of Nicholas I governing the Armenian Church in the Russian Empire.
Regulation of the citric acid cycle
The regulation of the citric acid cycle is the allosteric control of citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and oxoglutarate dehydrogenase by NADH, ATP, and calcium, matching cycle flux to the cell's demand for ATP and biosynthetic precursors.
Regulation of the Tisza
The Regulation of the Tisza (Tisza-szabályozás) was a 19th-century engineering program, launched in 1846 under Count István Széchenyi, that straightened the Tisza River across the Great Hungarian Plain.
Regulation of UAVs in the United States
Regulation of UAVs, or drones, in the United States is governed by the FAA: recreational flying under a statutory exception and commercial operations under Part 107, effective 2016.
Regulation of ultralight and microlight aircraft
Ultralight and microlight aircraft are small airplanes under light-touch rules that differ by country: US ultralights are single-seat and uncertified, European microlights heavier and certificated.
Regulation of unmanned aerial vehicles
Regulation of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs, or drones) is the body of rules governing where and how drones may fly, including registration, pilot certification, and remote identification.
Regulation of veterinary medicines
Regulation of veterinary medicines is the system by which public authorities approve animal drugs based on quality, safety, and efficacy, then supervise residues, withdrawal periods, and antimicrobial use.
Regulation on Free Trade (1778)
The Regulation on Free Trade (Reglamento y aranceles reales para el comercio libre de España a Indias) was a Spanish royal regulation of 1778 opening trade between Spain and Spanish America.
Regulations for Local Self-Government of Cities, Towns, and Townships
The Regulations for Local Self-Government of Cities, Towns, and Townships (城镇乡地方自治章程) was a late Qing statute, issued in 1909 and modeled on Meiji Japan's local government codes.
Regulations for Questioning Criminals (Wenxing tiaoli)
The Regulations for Questioning Criminals (问刑条例, Wenxing tiaoli) were supplementary statutes of the Ming dynasty, first compiled in 1500 with 297 articles supporting the Ming Code.
Regulations of the Board of Civil Appointments
The Regulations of the Board of Civil Appointments (吏部则例) were the Qing dynasty's codified rules governing the selection, promotion, and discipline of civil officials, first compiled under the Yongzheng emperor.
Regulations of the Eight Banners
The Regulations of the Eight Banners (八旗则例), also the Qinding Baqi zeli, is a twelve-juan Qing compilation of rules on banner offices, succession, mourning, and record-keeping, completed in 1741.
Regulations on Imperial Clansmen
The Regulations on Imperial Clansmen (宗藩條例) were Ming rules compiled by Li Chunfang under the Jiajing Emperor to curb the imperial clan's stipends and conduct.
Regulations on Measures for State Order Protection (1881)
The Regulations on Measures for State Order Protection (1881) was a statute of the Russian Empire, approved by Alexander III after the assassination of Alexander II.
Regulator Genes
Regulator genes (regulatory genes) code for proteins or RNAs that regulate other genes' expression; defined in MeSH D005809 and originating in Jacob and Monod's 1961 operon model with repressors such as lacI.
Regulator Movement in North Carolina
Regulator Movement in North Carolina (1766-1771), also called the War of the Regulation, a backcountry farmers' rebellion against corrupt royal officials, excessive taxes, and illegal fees, ending in defeat by Governor Tryon's militia at the Battle of Alamance on May 16, 1771.
Regulator of diguanylate cyclase RdcB
RdcB (YjcZ) is an E. coli K-12 accessory regulator protein that, with the dynamin-like GTPase RdcA, activates diguanylate cyclase DgcE, driving CsgD expression, curli, pEtN-cellulose, and biofilm matrix production.
Regulator of phospholipase D Srf1
Srf1 (Spo14 Regulatory Factor 1, YDL133W) is a 437-amino-acid multi-pass membrane protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that interacts with Spo14 phospholipase D, is required for its mitotic catalytic activity, and buffers C16:0 PAF toxicity.
Regulator of RpoS
RssB (SprE; MviA in Salmonella) is the E. coli response-regulator adaptor that delivers the general stress sigma factor RpoS to ClpXP for degradation; stress-induced antiadaptors IraP, IraM, and IraD inhibit it.
Regulator of telomere elongation helicase 1
RTEL1 (regulator of telomere elongation helicase 1, formerly regulator of telomere length 1) is an essential human Fe-S DNA helicase gene at 20q13.33 that dismantles D-loops, T-loops, and G-quadruplexes; mutations cause Hoyeraal-Hreidarsson syndrome and dyskeratosis congenita.