All articles starting with R
22,461 articles
Residual policy learning
Residual policy learning (RPL) is a robot-learning method in which a reinforcement learning policy learns a corrective residual added to an existing baseline controller, introduced in December 2018.
Residual power series method
The residual power series method (RPSM) is a semi-analytical technique that builds power series approximations to differential equations, fixing each coefficient by setting residual derivatives to zero.
Residual reinforcement learning
Residual reinforcement learning is a robot-control method in which a learned policy adds corrections to a fixed base controller, keeping its reliability while learning fixes its weaknesses.
Residual resistivity
Residual resistivity is the temperature-independent part of a metal's electrical resistivity, caused by electron scattering from static defects, and measured by the residual resistance ratio.
Residual shear strength
Residual shear strength is the minimum, constant shear strength a soil reaches after large displacement, when platy clay particles orient face-to-face along the shear surface.
Residual spectrum
The residual spectrum of a linear operator T is the set of λ for which T − λI is injective but its range is not dense.
Residual stream
The residual stream is the shared, accumulating state vector through which every transformer component communicates, a 2021 framing that became the standard lens of mechanistic interpretability.
Residual stress
Residual stress is stress that remains locked in a material after all external loads are removed, arising from welding, machining, and heat treatment and affecting fatigue life and cracking.
Residual stress analysis
Residual stress analysis is the family of techniques for measuring stresses left inside a component after manufacturing or loading, by destructive strain-release or diffraction methods.
Residual sum of squares
The residual sum of squares (RSS), also called the sum of squared residuals, totals the squared gaps between observed data and a regression model's predictions; ordinary least squares minimizes it.
Residual SYNTAX score
The residual SYNTAX score (rSS) is an angiographic measure of coronary disease left untreated after percutaneous coronary intervention, with a score of 0 defining complete revascularization.
Residual time
Residual time, or forward recurrence time, is the time from a fixed instant in a renewal process until the next renewal, used in reliability and queueing.
Residual vector quantization
Residual vector quantization, also called multi-stage vector quantization, is a compression method that quantizes a vector and its successive residuals with a chain of codebooks.
Residual Volume
Residual volume (RV) is the gas remaining in the lungs after maximal exhalation; measured indirectly as FRC minus ERV or TLC minus vital capacity, it prevents alveolar collapse and rises in obstructive air trapping.
Residual-current device
A residual-current device (RCD), also called a ground fault circuit interrupter, disconnects a circuit when current imbalance exceeds a threshold such as 30 mA, protecting people from electric shock.
Residuals (song)
"Residuals" is a 2024 contemporary R&B ballad by Chris Brown from 11:11 (Deluxe), produced by Eric Hudson and Blaq Tuxedo; it peaked at No. 40 on the Hot 100, topped three Billboard airplay charts, and was Grammy-nominated for Best R&B Performance.
Residuated lattice
A residuated lattice is an algebraic structure combining a lattice with a monoid whose multiplication admits residuals, introduced by Ward and Dilworth in the late 1930s.
Residue
Residue is a 2015 British science fiction supernatural horror miniseries created and written by John Harrison, starring Natalia Tena, Iwan Rheon, and Jamie Draven, released on Netflix in 2015.
Residue (complex analysis)
The complex residue of a function at an isolated singularity is the coefficient of the (z − z₀)⁻¹ term in its Laurent series, the key quantity for contour integration.
Residue hydroconversion
Residue hydroconversion is the catalytic upgrading of petroleum residua, the heavy bottoms of crude distillation, with hydrogen, converting heavy molecules into lighter fractions while removing sulfur, nitrogen, and metals.
Residue number system
A residue number system (RNS) is a non-positional way of representing integers as remainders with respect to coprime moduli, so addition, subtraction, and multiplication run in parallel without carries.
Residue theorem
The residue theorem (Cauchy's residue theorem) is a result of complex analysis stating that the integral of a function around a closed contour equals 2πi times the sum of its residues at enclosed singularities.
Residuel
Residuel is a 2020 two-player abstract territory board game by Michael Amundsen, published by Kanare_Abstract, in which hexagonal tiles cover three adjacent rhombuses and leftover areas are scored; implemented in Ludii as DLP.Games.1026.
Resignation
Resignation is a philosophical poem by Friedrich Schiller, subtitled Eine Phantasie, first published in 1786 in his journal Thalia and containing the famous line "Die Weltgeschichte ist das Weltgericht".
Resignation of Pope Benedict XVI
The resignation of Pope Benedict XVI, announced on 11 February 2013, made him the first pope in nearly 600 years to step down; Francis succeeded him.
Resignation of Sheikh Hasina
Resignation of Sheikh Hasina (5 August 2024): Bangladesh's Prime Minister of 15-plus years stepped down and fled to India amid a student-led quota-reform uprising, leaving an interim government under Muhammad Yunus.
Resilience (lander)
Resilience was a Japanese lunar lander built by ispace, launched in January 2025 and destroyed in a June 2025 landing attempt after a faulty laser rangefinder.
Resilience engineering
Resilience engineering is a field of safety science and systems engineering studying how complex socio-technical systems, such as hospitals and railways, sustain operations during disturbances.
Resilient Lady
Resilient Lady is an adults-only cruise ship operated by Virgin Voyages, built by Fincantieri and delivered in 2022 as the third of four Lady Ships.
Resilient modulus
The resilient modulus (MR) is the ratio of applied cyclic stress to recoverable strain in unbound pavement materials and subgrade soils, the key material input in modern pavement design.