All articles starting with R

Rubin causal model

The Rubin causal model, also called the potential outcomes framework or Neyman–Rubin causal model, defines causal effects as contrasts between potential outcomes, only one of which is observed per unit.

Sep 21, 2026

Rubin M. Tuder

Rubin M. Tuder, a Brazilian-trained physician-scientist, is Hart Family Professor at the University of Colorado Denver, known for the ceramide model of emphysema and pulmonary hypertension research.

Rubina Dilaik

Rubina Dilaik, Indian television actress from Shimla, played Radhika in Chotti Bahu and transgender character Soumya in Shakti – Astitva Ke Ehsaas Ki, won Bigg Boss 14 in 2021, and competed in Khatron Ke Khiladi 12 and 15.

Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome

Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (broad thumb-hallux syndrome, RTS1/RTS2) is a rare autosomal dominant multisystem disorder from CREBBP or EP300 variants, causing distinctive facies, broad angulated thumbs and halluces, short stature, and intellectual disability (average IQ 35-50).

Sep 19, 2026

Rubiralta Giralt family

The Rubiralta Giralt family of Barcelona founded and wholly owns Werfen, the world leader in coagulation diagnostics; José María Rubiralta started the business as Izasa in 1966.

RuBisCO

RuBisCO (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, EC 4.1.1.39) is the Calvin cycle enzyme fixing CO2 onto RuBP; Earth's most abundant enzyme, slow (1-10 s⁻¹), oxygenation-prone, with forms I-IV.

Rubitecan

Rubitecan (9-nitrocamptothecin, 9-NC, RFS 2000, Orathecin) is an oral camptothecin analogue topoisomerase I inhibitor, converted in vivo to 9-aminocamptothecin, developed by SuperGen for pancreatic cancer but withdrawn from FDA and EMA review and never approved.

Rubivirus rubellae

Rubivirus rubellae (rubella virus, RuV) is the ICTV species in family Matonaviridae causing German measles and congenital rubella syndrome; enveloped 50-90 nm positive-sense RNA virus infecting only humans, targeted for global elimination by vaccination.

Ruble

The ruble, also spelled rouble, is the currency of Russia, subdivided into 100 kopecks and issued by the Central Bank of Russia; a separate Belarusian ruble also exists.

Rublev (Mercurian crater)

Rublev is a 129 km impact crater on Mercury at 15.12° S, 157.08° W, approved by the IAU in 1976 and named for Andrey Rublev, the Russian painter (c. 1370–1430), under the convention naming Mercurian craters after deceased artists.

RuboCop

RuboCop is a static code analyzer and formatter for the Ruby programming language, first released in 2012, that checks code against the Ruby Style Guide and autocorrects many offenses.

Oct 20, 2026

Ruborough Camp

Ruborough Camp: large univallate Iron Age hillfort on a triangular promontory in the eastern Quantock Hills, Broomfield, Somerset; scheduled monument 1007670 with an unfinished cross-ridge outwork and treasure folklore.

Rubredoxin

Rubredoxin (Rd) is a small bacterial and archaeal iron-sulfur protein, 45–55 amino acids, with one iron tetrahedrally bound by four cysteines and no labile sulfur; it acts as an electron carrier, notably in alkane hydroxylase systems.

Rubrene

Rubrene (5,6,11,12-tetraphenylnaphthacene) is an orange-red organic semiconductor and the benchmark material for single-crystal organic field-effect transistors, with hole mobility up to about 40 cm²/Vs and use in singlet-fission and optoelectronic research.

Rubric (academic)

A rubric, also known as a scoring or grading rubric, is an assessment tool used from kindergarten through college that lists criteria for judging student work and describes performance levels.

Rubrication

Rubrication is the addition of red (or blue, green) lettering, initials, and headings to manuscripts and early printed books, done by specialist rubricators; it aided navigation, survived into incunabula via hand work or two-color presses, then gave way to woodcuts.

Rubrik

Rubrik is an American data security company offering backup and recovery software under a Zero Trust banner, founded in 2014 and publicly traded since 2024.

Rubrik Security Cloud

Rubrik Security Cloud is a SaaS data security platform from Rubrik, launched as Rubrik Polaris in 2018, providing backup, recovery, and ransomware protection across clouds.

Rubtsovsk

Rubtsovsk (Рубцовск), city in Altai Krai, Russia, on the Alei River; founded 1886 by Mikhail Rubtsov, city since 1927, third-largest krai city (121,698 in 2025), industrial and rail hub.

Rubus

Rubus is the rose-family genus of blackberries, raspberries, and brambles, with roughly 700 to over 1400 species, biennial prickly canes, aggregate drupelet fruits, apomixis, and polyploid, hybrid-driven taxonomy revised into 10 subgenera in 2023.

Oct 20, 2026

Rubus caesius

Rubus caesius L., the European dewberry, is a scrambling Rosaceae shrub native from Europe to Xinjiang and the W. Himalaya, with trailing glaucous stems, white flowers, and bluish-black few-drupelet fruit.

Rubus chamaemorus

Rubus chamaemorus, the cloudberry (hjortron, bakeapple, aqpik), is a dioecious circumboreal bog herb of Rosaceae with amber aggregate fruits, rich in vitamin C and ellagitannins, harvested wild across Scandinavia and North America.

Rubus fruticosus

Rubus fruticosus L. (blackberry, bramble, Rubus fruticosus agg.) is a European Rosaceae scrambling shrub published by Linnaeus in 1753; an apomictic aggregate of over 2,000 microspecies, cultivated for its black drupelet fruit and used in food and herbal medicine.

Rubus idaeus

Rubus idaeus, red raspberry or wild raspberry, a Rosaceae shrub of the temperate Northern Hemisphere to Mexico; diploid 2n=14, two subspecies (idaeus, strigosus), two-year cane cycle, grown for fruit and herbal medicine.

Rubus leucodermis

Rubus leucodermis, whitebark or western black raspberry, is a western North American Rosaceae shrub with whitish waxy canes, black raspberries, two varieties, and use in black raspberry breeding for RBDV resistance.

Rubus occidentalis

Rubus occidentalis, black raspberry or blackcap, a North American Rosaceae bramble (subgenus Idaeobatus, 2n=14) grown mainly in Oregon, with anthocyanin-rich fruit distinct from red raspberry and blackberry.