All articles starting with S
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Sphingolipid metabolism
Sphingolipid metabolism is the biochemical network that makes, converts, and breaks down sphingolipids, with ceramide as its central hub and roles in apoptosis and disease.
Sphingomonas
Sphingomonas (Yabuuchi et al. 1990), type species S. paucimobilis: Gram-negative, aerobic rods with glycosphingolipids instead of LPS; biodegrade PAHs and dioxins, produce gellan sphingans, promote plant growth, and occasionally cause nosocomial infections.
Sphingomyelin
Sphingomyelin (ceramide-1-phosphocholine, SM) is a sphingolipid phospholipid with a phosphocholine head group, abundant in the outer plasma-membrane leaflet, lipid rafts, and lipoproteins; its metabolism via sphingomyelinases and synthases links it to Niemann-Pick disease and atherosclerosis.
Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase
Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase (EC 3.1.4.12), also called acid or neutral sphingomyelinase, hydrolyzes sphingomyelin to ceramide and phosphocholine; SMPD1 deficiency causes Niemann-Pick disease types A/B.
Sphingomyelinase C/phospholipase C
Sphingomyelinase C/phospholipase C (InterPro IPR017766) is a DNase I-fold enzyme family; bacterial SMase C (EC 3.1.4.12) cleaves sphingomyelin to ceramide and phosphorylcholine and acts as a secreted virulence factor.
Sphingomyelinase D
Sphingomyelinase D (SMase D) is a phospholipase D enzyme that acts as the principal tissue-destroying toxin in brown recluse spider venom, causing dermonecrosis and intravascular hemolysis.
Sphingosine
Sphingosine is an 18-carbon amino alcohol, named after the Sphinx in 1884, that serves as the backbone of sphingolipids and acts as a broad-spectrum antimicrobial on epithelial surfaces.
Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor
Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors (S1PR1-5, formerly EDG receptors) are lipid G protein-coupled receptors for sphingosine 1-phosphate, regulating vascular tone, cardiac rhythm, and lymphocyte trafficking, and targeted by fingolimod and other multiple sclerosis drugs.
Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1
S1PR1 (EDG-1, CD363) is a 382-amino-acid human Gi-coupled GPCR for sphingosine 1-phosphate that controls lymphocyte egress, angiogenesis, and endothelial barrier function, and is the target of MS drugs fingolimod, siponimod, ozanimod, and ponesimod.
Sphingosine-1-phosphate
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a bioactive lysophospholipid made by sphingosine kinases SPHK1/SPHK2, signals through five GPCRs (S1PR1-5) controlling lymphocyte trafficking and vascular integrity; receptor modulators fingolimod, siponimod, ozanimod, and ponesimod treat multiple sclerosis.
Sphinx
Sphinx: hybrid creature with a lion's body and human head, known in Egypt and Mesopotamia from the mid-3rd millennium BCE. Egyptian male royal guardian (Great Sphinx of Giza); Greek winged female monster of Thebes defeated by Oedipus's riddle answer, Man.
Sphinx of Memphis
The Sphinx of Memphis, also called the Alabaster Sphinx, is a colossal calcite statue uncovered at Mit Rahina in 1912, the largest sphinx after the Great Sphinx of Giza.
Sphinx of Taharqo
The Sphinx of Taharqo, also known as the Sphinx of Taharqa, is a granite sphinx of the Kushite pharaoh Taharqo, found at Kawa in Sudan and now in the British Museum.
Sphinx of Tanis
The Sphinx of Tanis, also known as the Great Sphinx of Tanis, is a monumental rose granite sphinx found at Tanis in the Nile Delta and displayed in the Louvre since 1826.
Sphinx Systems
Sphinx Systems, also known as Sphinx Systems Limited, was a Swiss manufacturer of hand-fitted semi-automatic pistols such as the Sphinx 3000, founded in 1876 and bankrupt by 2015.
Sphinx water erosion hypothesis
Sphinx water erosion hypothesis: Robert Schoch and John Anthony West's claim that rainfall runoff, not wind, weathered the Giza Sphinx enclosure, implying a date far older than the conventional Khafre attribution around 2500 BCE.
SPHK1
SPHK1 (sphingosine kinase 1, SphK1, SK1) is a human lipid kinase, EC 2.7.1.91, on chromosome 17q25.1, that phosphorylates sphingosine to sphingosine-1-phosphate, promoting cell growth, survival, and inflammatory signaling, distinct from the pro-apoptotic SphK2 isoform.
SPHL
SPHL (Southern Professional Hockey League), founded 2004, independent class-A minor hockey league in the U.S. Southeast and Midwest; President's Cup champion, ECHL feeder, 13 teams by 2026-27.
Sphoṭa (स्फोट)
Sphoṭa (स्फोट), "burst," is the Sanskrit grammarians' indivisible meaning-bearing linguistic entity, manifested by but distinct from speech sounds; developed by Bhartṛhari in the Vākyapadīya, opposed by Kumārila, Jayanta, and Śaṅkara.
Sphoungaras
Sphoungaras is a Minoan cemetery on a hill about 300 meters north of the Bronze Age town of Gournia in eastern Crete, known for pithos burials in large clay storage jars.
Sphujidhvaja
Sphujidhvaja (स्फुजिध्वज) was the author, or named transmitter, of the Yavanajataka, a Sanskrit verse work on Greek-style horoscopic astrology, traditionally composed in 269/270 CE in the realm of the Western Kshatrapas.
Sphygmomanometer
A sphygmomanometer, also called a blood pressure monitor, measures blood pressure with an inflatable arm cuff and a gauge; main types are mercury column, aneroid dial, and automated devices.
Sphygmomanometry
Sphygmomanometry is the indirect measurement of arterial blood pressure with an inflatable cuff, a pressure gauge, and a stethoscope or automated sensor, yielding systolic and diastolic values.
Sphynx cat
Sphynx cat (Canadian Hairless): a hairless-appearing domestic cat breed from a 1966 recessive KRT71 mutation in Ontario, Canada, founded via Prune and 1970s Minnesota cats, bred with Devon Rex; affectionate, warm-skinned, prone to HCM.
Sphyraena borealis
Sphyraena borealis, the northern sennet or picudilla, is a small western Atlantic barracuda (to 50 cm) from Nova Scotia to Brazil, schooling in coastal waters 10-65 m, feeding on small fishes, squids, and shrimps; IUCN Least Concern.
Sphyrapicus
Sphyrapicus, the sapsuckers, is a genus of four North American woodpeckers erected by Baird in 1858: varius, nuchalis, ruber, thyroideus. They drill sap wells in live trees and feed on sap with brush-tipped tongues.
Sphyrna lewini
Sphyrna lewini, the scalloped hammerhead shark (Griffith & Smith, 1834), a circumglobal hammerhead with a notched cephalofoil; IUCN Critically Endangered with over 80% declines, listed on CITES Appendix II (2013) and CMS Appendix II (2014).
Sphyrna zygaena
Sphyrna zygaena, the smooth hammerhead, is a large (to 400 cm) hammerhead shark of worldwide temperate seas, identified by a cephalofoil lacking a central notch; IUCN Vulnerable, CITES Appendix II.
SPI (INTEGRAL)
SPI (SPectrometer on INTEGRAL) is the high-resolution germanium gamma-ray spectrometer aboard ESA's INTEGRAL observatory, launched in 2002 and known for gamma-ray line studies of the Galaxy.
SPI-1 type 3 secretion system stator protein
OrgB (SctL), the SPI-1 T3SS stator protein of Salmonella, homolog of flagellar FliH; ATPase regulator forming spoke-like dimers linking SpaO sorting-platform pods to the InvC ATPase.