All articles starting with S
44,216 articles
Standard Basque
Standard Basque (Euskara Batua, Unified Basque) is the standardized variety of Basque adopted by Euskaltzaindia at Arantzazu in October 1968, based on central Gipuzkoan-Navarrese dialects with the Classical Lapurdian literary tradition, codified by Koldo Mitxelena and spread through schools and media after 1975.
Standard Bearer of Tula
The Standard Bearer of Tula (Spanish: portaestandarte) is a stone sculpture holding a banner, made at the Toltec capital of Tula, Mexico, around 900 to 1000 CE.
Standard Borel space
A standard Borel space, also called a standard measurable space, is a measurable space isomorphic to a Borel subset of a separable complete metric space, central to probability theory.
Standard Building Code
The Standard Building Code was a model building code published by SBCCI of Birmingham, Alabama, and used across the southeastern United States until it was replaced by the International Building Code in 2000.
Standard candle
A standard candle is an astronomical object whose known intrinsic luminosity, compared with its apparent brightness, yields its distance; examples include Cepheids and Type Ia supernovae.
Standard Carrier Alpha Code
The Standard Carrier Alpha Code (SCAC) is a unique two-to-four-letter code identifying transportation companies, issued by the National Motor Freight Traffic Association and required in US Customs filings.
Standard Chartered
Standard Chartered, also known as Standard Chartered Bank, is a British multinational bank headquartered in London, with about 90% of income from Asia, Africa, and the Middle East.
Standard Chinese
Standard Chinese (现代标准汉语), called Putonghua in mainland China, Guoyu in Taiwan, and Huayu in Singapore and Malaysia, is the standardized form of Chinese based on Beijing pronunciation, northern Mandarin vocabulary, and exemplary modern vernacular grammar, legally the national common language of China.
Standard Chinese phonology
Standard Chinese phonology: the sound system of Putonghua/Guoyu, based on Beijing pronunciation. 19 consonants, 5 vowels, 21 initials, 39 finals, ~400 syllables, four tones plus neutral tone, and third-tone sandhi.
Standard Cognition
Standard Cognition, doing business as Standard AI, is a San Francisco computer-vision company founded in 2017 that sells retailers autonomous checkout and shopper-behavior insights, raising $238 million.
Standard conjectures on algebraic cycles
The standard conjectures on algebraic cycles are open conjectures in algebraic geometry, formulated by Alexander Grothendieck in the mid 1960s and motivated by the Weil conjectures.
Standard Contractual Clauses
Standard Contractual Clauses (SCCs) are pre-approved model clauses adopted by the European Commission that let companies transfer personal data outside the EEA without separate regulatory approval.
Standard cost accounting
Standard cost accounting is the practice of recording expected costs in place of actual costs, then recording variances to show differences, supporting cost control and management by exception.
Standard cubic feet per minute
Standard cubic feet per minute (SCFM) is a unit of gas volumetric flow rate corrected to standard temperature and pressure conditions, so flows measured at different sites can be compared.
Standard deviation
The standard deviation, named by Karl Pearson in 1893, is a statistical measure of how widely values are dispersed from their mean, calculated as the square root of the variance.
Standard drink
A standard drink (alcohol unit) is a nationally defined fixed amount of pure alcohol used in drinking guidelines and surveys: US 14 g (0.6 fl oz), Canada 13.45 g, Australia 10 g, UK 8 g, WHO 10 g.
Standard electrode potential
The standard electrode potential, or reversible potential, measures a half-reaction's tendency to occur as a reduction on a scale whose zero point is the standard hydrogen electrode.
Standard English
Standard English: the formal, codified variety of English taught in schools and uniform in writing worldwide, with no single ancestor dialect. Covers Haugen's standardization steps, standard language ideology, education policy, and American English bias in LLMs.
Standard enthalpy of formation
The standard enthalpy of formation, also called the heat of formation, is the enthalpy change when one mole of a substance forms from its elements under standard conditions.
Standard error
The standard error, also called the standard error of estimation, is the standard deviation of a statistic's sampling distribution over repeated samples from a population.
Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Medicines and Poisons
The Standard for the Uniform Scheduling of Medicines and Poisons (SUSMP), or Poisons Standard, is Australia's national instrument under section 52D of the Therapeutic Goods Act 1989 classifying medicines and poisons into ten Schedules, from Pharmacy Medicine to prohibited substances, with decisions given effect by state and territory law.
Standard form contract
Standard form contract (also contract of adhesion, boilerplate, AGB): pre-written take-it-or-leave-it terms dominating business and consumer contracting; enforced via notice and opportunity to read, regulated by unfair-terms laws in the EU and Australia.
Standard form of a von Neumann algebra
The standard form of a von Neumann algebra is a canonical Hilbert-space representation with a self-dual cone, proved to exist and be unique by Haagerup in 1975.
Standard General
Standard General L.P. is a New York-based, SEC-registered investment adviser founded in 2007 by Soo Kim that pursues event-driven strategies, targeting control positions in public companies.
Standard Generalized Markup Language
Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) is an ISO standard, ISO 8879:1986, defining document structure through user-defined markup; it is the metalanguage from which HTML and XML are derived.
Standard German
Standard German (Hochdeutsch) is the codified supraregional variety of German, about 96 million speakers, rooted in East Central German and Luther's Bible, pluricentric with German, Austrian, and Swiss national standards.
Standard German phonology
Standard German phonology, the sound system and standard pronunciation of Hochdeutsch: roughly 17-19 obstruent plus five sonorant phonemes, final obstruent devoicing, and national German, Austrian, and Swiss pronunciation varieties.
Standard gravitational parameter
The standard gravitational parameter, or gravitational parameter, is the product μ = GM of the gravitational constant and an astronomical body's mass, the quantity that directly governs orbital motion.
Standard gravity
Standard gravity is the conventional value of gravitational acceleration on Earth, defined exactly as 9.80665 m/s², adopted internationally in 1901 to define units of force.
Standard hydrogen electrode
The standard hydrogen electrode (SHE), or normal hydrogen electrode, is a platinum electrode saturated with hydrogen gas and assigned zero potential, the universal reference for all standard electrode potentials.