All articles starting with S
44,216 articles
Stereotomy
Stereotomy is the art and science of cutting stones into precisely shaped pieces that assemble into walls, arches, and vaults, codified in Renaissance treatises from 1567.
Stereotype
Stereotype: an oversimplified belief associating traits with a social group, introduced by Walter Lippmann in Public Opinion (1922) from a printing term. Distinguished from prejudice (affect) and discrimination (behavior), studied as explicit and implicit cognition.
Stereotype threat
Stereotype threat, from Steele and Aronson (1995), is the risk of confirming a negative group stereotype in relevant situations, disrupting performance. Covers working-memory mechanisms, self-affirmation and belonging interventions, and meta-analytic evidence on effect sizes and publication bias.
Stereotyped movement disorder
Stereotyped movement disorder (SMD, motor stereotypies, ICD-11 6A06) is a neurodevelopmental disorder of repetitive, purposeless movements such as hand flapping or head banging, beginning before age 3, treated mainly with habit reversal training.
Stereotypes of African Americans
Stereotypes of African Americans: demeaning beliefs and caricatures (Sambo, Mammy, Jezebel, Black Buck) rooted in slavery and blackface minstrelsy, spread through advertising and film, persisting in news and screen media per Pew and Common Sense Media data.
Stereotypes of Americans
Stereotypes of Americans covers both national-character stereotypes of the typical American held worldwide (hardworking, greedy, inaccurate against measured personality) and internal U.S. racial, ethnic, and regional caricatures such as Mammy, model minority, and redneck.
Stereotypes of East Asians in the United States
Stereotypes of East Asians in the United States, also called perpetual foreigner, model minority, and yellow peril tropes, cast Chinese, Japanese, and Korean Americans as unassimilable foreigners and uniformly high achievers, driving discrimination and media underrepresentation.
Stereotypes of Hispanic and Latino Americans in the United States
Stereotypes of Hispanic and Latino Americans in U.S. media: the six classic Hollywood types (el bandido, harlot, buffoons, Latin lover, dark lady), criminality and immigration tropes in news and TV, and the underrepresentation data behind them.
Stereotypes of Jews
Stereotypes of Jews: false beliefs about Jewish greed, dual loyalty, and secret power, rooted in early Christian anti-Judaism and medieval tropes like the blood libel, measured today by the ADL Global 100 index.
Stereotypes of South Asians
Stereotypes of South Asians: oversimplified beliefs about South Asian people and the diaspora, including comic-relief media tropes (Apu, Raj), the perpetual foreigner and terrorist slurs, workplace and healthcare discrimination, and recent shifts in screen representation.
Stereotypes of white Americans
Stereotypes of white Americans: beliefs ascribed to white Americans by other groups, including high competence, racism, and entitlement; studied via minority attitudes, class-based stereotypes like "white trash," and competence downshift in speech.
Stereotypy
Stereotypy: repetitive, rhythmic, apparently purposeless movements, object use, or vocalizations (hand flapping, rocking, echolalia) with early-childhood onset; seen in autism, intellectual disability, and healthy children; basal ganglia-based, usually automatically reinforced.
Steric effect
A steric effect is any effect on a molecule's structure, reactivity, or properties arising from the size and spatial requirements of its atoms, causing steric hindrance.
Steric effects
Steric effects, also called steric interactions, arise when substituents with different spatial requirements change molecular structure, reaction rates, and equilibria, often slowing reactions involving bulky groups.
Steric stabilization
Steric stabilization is a way of keeping colloidal particles dispersed by attaching polymer chains to their surfaces; overlapping layers generate repulsion that offsets van der Waals attraction.
Steric strain
Steric strain, also called van der Waals strain, is the increase in a molecule's energy when unbonded atoms are forced closer than their van der Waals radii allow.
Sterigmatocystin
Sterigmatocystin (STC, CAS 10048-13-2) is a polyketide mycotoxin from Aspergillus fungi, a precursor of aflatoxin B1, an IARC Group 2B genotoxic carcinogen found in grains, cheese, coffee, spices, and beer.
Sterile flight deck rule
The sterile flight deck rule, also called the sterile cockpit rule, is a US aviation regulation barring crew distractions during taxi, takeoff, landing, and flight below 10,000 feet.
Sterile insect technique
Sterile insect technique (SIT): mass-reared insects sterilized by radiation and released so sterile males mate with wild females, producing no offspring. Used against screwworm, fruit flies, tsetse, and mosquitoes; distinct from IIT and RIDL.
Sterile multifocal osteomyelitis with periostitis and pustulosis
Sterile multifocal osteomyelitis with periostitis and pustulosis, also called DIRA or OMPP, is a rare autosomal recessive autoinflammatory disease from IL1RN mutations causing unopposed IL-1 signaling, neonatal pustulosis, and osteolytic bone lesions, treated with anakinra or canakinumab.
Sterile neutrino
A sterile neutrino, also called a right-handed neutrino, is a hypothetical fourth neutrino that would not interact via the weak force and remains undetected as of 2025.
Sterility testing
Sterility testing is a microbiological quality-control method that incubates pharmaceutical products or medical devices in culture media to detect contaminating bacteria or fungi before batch release.
Sterilization (medicine)
Sterilization (medicine): permanent surgical contraception via tubal ligation or salpingectomy in women and vasectomy in men; over 220 million couples use it, with first-year failure rates of 0.5% (tubal) and 0.15% (vasectomy).
Sterilization (microbiology)
Sterilization in microbiology is the process that destroys all forms of microbial life, including bacterial spores, most dependably by saturated steam under pressure in an autoclave.
Sterilization of Native American women
Sterilization of Native American women: IHS-performed procedures, 1960s-1970s, often without informed consent; GAO found 3,406 sterilizations in four service areas, 1973-1976; ended by 1978 HEW regulations.
Sterilization Reversal
Sterilization reversal (tubal reanastomosis, vasectomy reversal) surgically restores fertility after sterilization; pregnancy rates 42–69% after tubal reversal, 49% after vasectomy reversal, compared with IVF.
Steris
Steris plc is an Ireland-domiciled medical equipment and sterilization services company, reporting in Healthcare, Applied Sterilization Technologies, and Life Sciences segments with fiscal 2026 revenue of $5.9 billion.
Sterl Phinney
Sterl Phinney, publishing as E. S. Phinney, is a theoretical astrophysicist and Caltech professor whose 1991 estimate of neutron star merger rates shaped LIGO, and who led LISA's science definition.
Sterley Stanley
Sterley Stanley is an American Democratic member of the New Jersey General Assembly representing the 18th district, after serving on the East Brunswick Township Council.
Sterling & Wilson Renewable Energy
Sterling & Wilson Renewable Energy is an Indian engineering, procurement, and construction contractor for utility-scale solar projects, headquartered in Mumbai and operating across 28 countries.