All articles starting with S
44,216 articles
Stochastic simulation
Stochastic simulation is a computational method that generates random sample paths of a system and estimates expectations from the outputs, used when quantities are mathematically intractable.
Stochastic subspace identification
Stochastic subspace identification (SSI) is a family of time-domain system identification algorithms that estimate a state-space model from output-only vibration data, without measuring excitation, and is widely used for operational modal analysis.
Stochastic thermodynamics
Stochastic thermodynamics is a framework of nonequilibrium statistical physics that extends work, heat, and entropy production to individual fluctuating trajectories of small nanoscale systems, yielding fluctuation theorems like the Jarzynski equality.
Stochastic volatility
Stochastic volatility describes option-pricing and time-series models in which an asset's volatility is itself a random process, unlike the constant volatility assumed in the Black–Scholes framework.
Stock
A stock, also called a share or equity, is a security representing ownership in a corporation; shareholders can vote on corporate decisions and receive dividends.
Stock (food)
Stock (food): savory liquid from simmering bones, meat, fish, or vegetables; a fond de cuisine base for soups, sauces, and braises; distinguished from broth and bone broth by bones, unseasoned use, and gelatin body.
Stock 2
Stock 2, known to amateur observers as the Muscleman Cluster, is a rich open star cluster on the Perseus–Cassiopeia border, 2 degrees north of the Double Cluster.
Stock Aitken Waterman
Stock Aitken Waterman (SAW), the English songwriting and production trio of Mike Stock, Matt Aitken, and Pete Waterman, dominated UK pop from 1984 to 1993 with over 100 Top 40 hits, 13 number ones, and stars Kylie Minogue, Rick Astley, and Jason Donovan.
Stock and flow
Stock and flow are economic measures: a stock is a quantity at a point in time, such as wealth, while a flow is a change over time, such as income.
Stock assessment
A stock assessment is a fisheries science method that estimates a fish population's abundance, biomass, and harvest status by fitting population models to catch and survey data.
Stock car racing
Stock car racing: oval-track motorsport with passenger-car-looking race cars, led in the US by NASCAR (founded 1948 by Bill France Sr. in Daytona Beach). Key series: Cup Series, ARCA; classes include late models and modifieds.
Stock character
Stock character: a one-dimensional, instantly recognizable fictional type in literature, theater, and film, from Aristophanes and Theophrastus to commedia dell'arte masks, pantomime, copyright law, and gender-stereotype criticism.
Stock exchange
A stock exchange is a regulated marketplace where the securities of listed companies are traded under standardized rules, combining price discovery, listing admission, and market surveillance.
Stock footage
Stock footage, also called file footage or stock video, is pre-recorded video licensed for reuse in productions when a shot would be too expensive, impractical, or impossible to film.
Stock market
The stock market, also called the share market or equity market, is where shares of publicly traded companies are bought and sold, providing liquidity and pricing capital.
Stock market crash
A stock market crash is a sudden, steep fall in share prices, typically 20 percent or more; the largest one-day drop came in October 1987.
Stock market crashes in India
Stock market crashes in India are sharp falls in the Sensex or Nifty 50, driven by fraud, foreign-investor reversals, or global shocks, from 1992 to 2020.
Stock market index
A stock market index, also called a stock index or equity index, is a calculated number tracking the combined price performance of a selected basket of stocks under published rules.
Stock market prediction
Stock market prediction, also known as stock forecasting, is the attempt to forecast future stock prices or returns using past prices, valuation ratios, interest rates, or other data.
Stock photography
Stock photography: licensing pre-made images to advertising, publishing and design customers. Models include royalty-free, rights-managed, and editorial-only; major agencies include Getty Images (founded 1995), Shutterstock and Adobe Stock, now reshaped by generative AI competition.
Stock split
A stock split is a corporate action in which a company issues additional shares in a fixed proportion, cutting the per-share price while leaving each holder's total value unchanged.
Stock trader
A stock trader, also known as an equity trader, is a person who buys and sells equities to profit from price movements, for clients or a firm's own account.
Stock valuation
Stock valuation, also called equity valuation, is the task of estimating the worth of a company's shares, either by discounting forecast cash flows or by comparing prices of similar companies.
Stock-based compensation
Stock-based compensation is employee pay delivered through equity awards such as stock options and RSUs, which companies must expense at fair value under US GAAP and IFRS.
Stock-tank oil initially in place
Stock-tank oil initially in place (STOIIP), also called original oil in place (OOIP), is the total crude oil in a reservoir before production, measured at surface conditions.
Stockard Channing
Stockard Channing (born Susan Williams Antonia Stockard, 1944) is an American actress known for Rizzo in Grease (1978), the Tony-winning A Day in the Death of Joe Egg, the Oscar-nominated Six Degrees of Separation, and Abbey Bartlet on The West Wing; she now lives in London.
Stockbridge damper
A Stockbridge damper is a dumbbell-shaped tuned mass damper with two masses on a short steel cable, clamped to overhead conductors to dissipate wind-induced vibration, patented in the 1920s.
Stockbroker
A stockbroker, also called a share broker, is a licensed intermediary who buys and sells securities for clients and often advises them, with most trades now executed digitally.
Stocker government
Stocker government: Austria's federal government sworn in 3 March 2025 under Chancellor Christian Stocker, an ÖVP–SPÖ–NEOS three-party coalition, the first since 1947, formed after 151 days and excluding the FPÖ election winner.
Stockfish
Stockfish: free, open-source (GPLv3) UCI chess engine in C++, derived from Glaurung 2.1, using NNUE neural evaluation with alpha-beta search; No. 1 on CCRL, 19 TCEC titles, latest release Stockfish 19 (2026).