All articles starting with S
44,216 articles
String
A string is a data type in programming that represents text as an ordered sequence of characters, appearing in nearly every language and usually encoded as UTF-8 or UTF-16.
String (computer science)
A string in computer science is a sequence of characters stored in memory as data, with a string data type defined as an ordered sequence of code units.
String breaking
String breaking is a quantum field theory phenomenon in which the energy in the confining connection between two particles grows until new particle-antiparticle pairs are created.
String cheese
String cheese, also known as Cheesestring, is a snack cheese made from low-moisture mozzarella that can be peeled into strings, invented in Wisconsin in the mid-20th century.
String cosmology
String cosmology is the application of string theory to the origin and evolution of the universe, covering moduli stabilization, string inflation, reheating, dark energy, and bouncing scenarios.
String field theory
String field theory (SFT) is the formulation of string theory as a spacetime quantum field theory rather than single-string world-sheet quantization, known for describing nonperturbative effects like tachyon condensation.
String instrument
String instrument (chordophone): an instrument whose sound comes mainly from vibrating strings stretched between fixed points, classified in Hornbostel-Sachs as simple (zithers) or composite (lutes, harps); includes violin, guitar, piano, sitar.
String inverter
A string inverter is a device that converts the direct current of one series-wired string of solar panels into alternating current, the standard choice for homes.
String landscape
The string landscape is the vast set of metastable vacuum states of string theory, an estimated 10^500 vacua, each possibly a universe with its own particles and forces.
String lights
String lights are decorative lights mounted along a flexible cable, most often as holiday decorations; the first electric string was hand-wired by Edward H. Johnson in 1882.
String method (molecular dynamics)
The string method is a molecular-simulation technique for computing transition pathways, free energy barriers, and transition rates of rare events, introduced by Weinan E and colleagues in 2002.
String octet
String octet: chamber music for eight strings, four violins, two violas, two cellos. Founded by Spohr's 1823 Double Quartet and defined by Mendelssohn's Octet in E-flat, Op. 20 (1825), later Enescu, Bruch, and Respighi.
String of Pearls (Indian Ocean)
String of Pearls (Indian Ocean): geopolitical theory of a Chinese network of ports and facilities from the mainland to Port Sudan, coined in a 2005 Booz Allen Hamilton Pentagon report; China denies it, and scholars find little military evidence.
String quartet
String quartet: an ensemble of two violins, viola, and cello, or a work for it. Established by Haydn (68 quartets), modeled by Op. 33 and Mozart's 1785 Haydn quartets, expanded by Beethoven's 16 quartets and 20th-century works.
String Quartet No. 14 (Beethoven)
Beethoven's String Quartet No. 14 in C-sharp minor, Op. 131 (1826), a late quartet in seven attacca pieces opening with a slow fugue, dedicated to Baron von Stutterheim and published by Schott in 1827.
String quintet
String quintet: a five-player chamber ensemble, one to a part, no conductor. Standard scorings add a second viola (Mozart, Brahms), a second cello (Boccherini, Schubert's C major D. 956), or a double bass (Onslow) to the string quartet.
String tension (QCD)
In quantum chromodynamics (QCD), the string tension is the energy per unit length of the flux tube between a quark and antiquark, about 440 MeV squared, quantifying confinement.
String theory
String theory is a theoretical framework replacing point-like particles with vibrating strings whose modes appear as different particles, including the graviton; it requires extra spacetime dimensions.
String trio
String trio: chamber ensemble of three strings, usually violin, viola, and cello or two violins and cello. Grew from the baroque trio sonata; landmark works include Mozart's Divertimento K. 563 and Beethoven's Op. 9 trios.
String vibration
String vibration is the oscillation of a stretched string, whose fixed ends allow only standing-wave modes at harmonic frequencies, the physical basis of stringed instruments.
String-searching algorithm
A string-searching algorithm, also called string matching or substring search, finds occurrences of a pattern string within a longer text; classic algorithms include Knuth–Morris–Pratt, Boyer–Moore, and Rabin–Karp.
Stringent starvation protein B
Stringent starvation protein B (SspB) is a dimeric E. coli adaptor protein that binds ssrA-tagged incomplete proteins and delivers them to the ClpXP protease, enhancing degradation about tenfold; structurally it adopts an Sm-like fold.
Stringer (journalism)
Stringer journalism: a stringer is a part-time or freelance correspondent, photographer, or videographer who files stories or images for a news outlet per piece, without a staff contract, often locally and in conflict coverage.
Stringer Bell
Russell "Stringer" Bell, fictional character in HBO's The Wire played by Idris Elba; second-in-command of the Barksdale drug organization who takes economics classes, invests in real estate, and is killed by Omar Little and Brother Mouzone in season three.
Stringer Davis
Stringer Davis (James Buckley Stringer Davis, 1899–1973) was an English character actor, husband of Margaret Rutherford, who played the librarian Mr. Stringer in MGM's four 1960s Miss Marple films, a role written for him and absent from Christie's novels.
Stringer Lawrence
Stringer Lawrence (1697–1775) was a British soldier who commanded the East India Company's forces in India from 1748 and is credited as the real founder of the Indian army.
Stringocephalus
Stringocephalus is an extinct genus of large, smooth, subglobular Devonian brachiopods (family Stringocephalidae), type species S. burtini, widespread in Eifelian-Givetian seas of Asia, Europe, Africa, and North America.
Strings
Strings (اسٹرنگز) is a Pakistani pop-rock band from Karachi, formed in 1988 by Bilal Maqsood and Faisal Kapadia, known for 'Sar Kiye Yeh Pahar' and Bollywood hits like 'Yeh Hai Meri Kahani'.
Strings of Life
"Strings of Life" is a 1987 electronic dance track by Rhythim Is Rhythim, the alias of Detroit producer Derrick May, released on his Transmat label.
strip (Unix)
strip is a Unix command-line utility, part of GNU binutils, that discards symbols and debugging information from executables and object files to reduce file size and hinder reverse engineering.