All articles starting with S

Substrate-recognition adaptors in ubiquitin ligation

Substrate-recognition adaptors are receptor proteins that cullin-RING ubiquitin ligases use to select substrates, gripping the ligase scaffold at one end and a degron in the target protein at the other.

Substrates and recognition specificity of proprotein convertases

Proprotein convertases are seven serine proteases that cleave proteins after clusters of basic residues, chiefly at Arg-centered motifs like R-X-K/R-R, activating hormones, growth factors, and viral proteins.

Substring

A substring, also known as a subword or factor, is a contiguous sequence of characters taken from within a longer string; unlike a subsequence, it must occupy consecutive positions.

Substructural logic

Substructural logic is a family of non-classical logics lacking one or more structural rules of classical logic, including relevant logics, the Lambek calculus, and linear logic.

Substructural type system

A substructural type system removes one or more structural rules, such as weakening or contraction, so the type system controls whether variables can be reordered, discarded, or duplicated.

Subsumption architecture

Subsumption architecture is a robot control architecture in which layers of simple behaviors are added incrementally, higher layers overriding lower ones; Rodney Brooks introduced it at MIT in the mid-1980s.

Oct 22, 2026

Subsurface ocean of Enceladus

The subsurface ocean of Enceladus is a global body of liquid saltwater between the icy shell and rocky core of Enceladus, a moon of Saturn, confirmed by Cassini in stages from 2014 to 2017.

Subsynchronous resonance

Subsynchronous resonance (SSR) is a power system condition where a series-compensated transmission line exchanges energy with a generator below rated frequency, potentially damaging the shaft.

Sep 19, 2026

Subterfuge Records

Subterfuge Records is a Spanish independent record label based in Madrid, begun in June 1989 as a photocopied fanzine by Carlos Galán and Gema del Valle, releasing records from 1990.

Subterranean and cavity nesting in yellowjackets

Subterranean and cavity nesting is the dominant nesting strategy of yellowjackets in the genus Vespula, with queens founding colonies in rodent burrows, rotten logs, and building wall voids.

Subterranean Homesick Blues

"Subterranean Homesick Blues" is a 1965 Bob Dylan song, the first single and leadoff track of Bringing It All Back Home, his first US Top 40 hit, built on Chuck Berry's Too Much Monkey Business, famous for its Pennebaker cue-card video, a precursor of both rap and the music video.

Subterranean river

Subterranean (underground) rivers flow through karst cave conduits dissolved in soluble rock, distinct from aquifers; mapped by dye tracing, modeled with conduit-matrix tools, and tapped for water supply.

Subthreshold conduction

Subthreshold conduction is the exponentially small drain current flowing through a MOSFET below its threshold voltage, and the dominant source of off-state leakage in CMOS chips.

Subthreshold swing

The subthreshold swing of a field-effect transistor is the gate voltage change, in millivolts per decade, needed to raise drain current tenfold below threshold; smaller swings enable lower power.

Subtilase

Subtilase (subtilisin-like serine protease, MEROPS family S8, subfamilies S8A/S8B): serine proteases with Asp/His/Ser triad found in bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes; bacterial subtilisins dominate detergents, plants have expanded SBT families.

Subtilisin

Subtilisin is a bacterial serine protease from Bacillus subtilis, namesake of the subtilase superfamily, with an Asp32-His64-Ser221 triad convergently evolved with chymotrypsin and major detergent uses.

Oct 21, 2026

Subtilisin inhibitor

Subtilisin inhibitor, chiefly Streptomyces subtilisin inhibitor (SSI, MEROPS family I16), is a dimeric 113-residue bacterial protein that inhibits alkaline serine proteases such as subtilisin BPN' by a standard substrate-like mechanism.

Subtilisin propeptide and zymogen maturation

Subtilisin maturation requires its 77-residue propeptide, an intramolecular chaperone that folds the enzyme, autocleaves from it, and is degraded, since without it refolding yields under 0.1%.

Subtitles

Subtitles are written versions of spoken dialogue and significant sounds shown on screen, used for foreign-language translation and for viewers who are deaf or hard of hearing.

Subtomogram averaging

Subtomogram averaging (STA), also called single particle tomography, is a computational method in structural biology that aligns and averages copies of macromolecular complexes extracted from cryo-electron tomograms.

Subtotal gastrectomy

Subtotal gastrectomy is an operation removing the distal 70% to 80% of the stomach, typically for distal gastric cancer, leaving a remnant reconnected by Billroth or Roux-en-Y reconstruction.

Subtotal thyroidectomy

Subtotal thyroidectomy is an operation removing most of both thyroid lobes with the isthmus, leaving a small remnant, used to treat hyperthyroidism and goiter, though guidelines now favor total thyroidectomy.

Subtraction

Subtraction is one of the four basic arithmetic operations, written with the minus sign (−) as minuend − subtrahend = difference, as in 7 − 4 = 3.

Subtraction osteotomy

Subtraction osteotomy, also called closing wedge osteotomy, is a bone-cutting procedure that removes a wedge of bone so the segments close together, realigning and shortening it.

Oct 21, 2026

Subtraction Technique

Subtraction Technique: medical imaging method combining two registered images so unchanged structures cancel, showing only differences like contrast-filled vessels. MeSH D013382, established 1973; spans photographic subtraction (1935), digital subtraction angiography (1980), dual-energy and temporal subtraction.