All articles starting with S

Sulfamethizole

Sulfamethizole (Thiosulfil, Urolucosil) is a short-acting sulfonamide antibiotic, CAS 144-82-1, that inhibits bacterial dihydropteroate synthase and was used mainly for urinary tract infections; no longer marketed in the US.

Sulfamethoxazole

Sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic (Bactrim with trimethoprim, co-trimoxazole), inhibits DHPS in bacterial folate synthesis; used for Pneumocystis pneumonia, shigellosis, and urinary tract infections.

Sulfamethoxypyridazine

Sulfamethoxypyridazine (Lederkyn, Kynex, Midicel) is a long-acting sulfanilamide sulfonamide antibiotic, N1-(6-methoxy-3-pyridazinyl)sulfanilamide, introduced 1956-1957, half-life 37 h, dihydropteroate synthetase inhibitor, now largely withdrawn.

Sulfamic acid

Sulfamic acid, also called amidosulfonic acid, is a white crystalline inorganic acid (H3NO3S) whose main industrial use is removing mineral scale from boilers and heat exchangers.

Sulfanilamide

Sulfanilamide is a synthetic sulfonamide antibacterial drug identified in 1935 as the active agent behind the dye Prontosil, and its 1937 toxic elixir formulation killed over 100 people.

Sulfanilic acid

Sulfanilic acid (4-aminobenzene-1-sulfonic acid) is an aromatic amine with the formula C6H7NO3S, a white crystalline solid used chiefly to make azo dyes and as a nitrite reagent.

Sulfaphenazole

Sulfaphenazole (Orisul, Sulfabid), CAS 526-08-9, is a long-acting sulfonamide antibiotic, now mainly a selective competitive inhibitor of CYP2C9 (Ki 0.3 µM) used to map CYP2C9 drug metabolism.

Sulfasalazine

Sulfasalazine, also spelled sulphasalazine and sold as Azulfidine, is a DMARD drug used for rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis, and Crohn's disease, first synthesized in Sweden in the late 1930s.

Sulfatase enzyme

Sulfatase enzyme (EC 3.1.6.-), also arylsulfatase: sulfate ester hydrolases using a formylglycine catalytic residue made by FGE/SUMF1; four families S1-S4; deficiency causes multiple sulfatase deficiency and other metabolic diseases.

Sulfate

Sulfate, also written sulfate, is the divalent anion SO₄²⁻, a tetrahedral ion formed when sulfuric acid loses both acidic protons, abundant in seawater and found in minerals like gypsum.

Sulfate adenylyltransferase

Sulfate adenylyltransferase, also called ATP sulfurylase (EC 2.7.7.4), catalyzes ATP-dependent activation of sulfate to adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (APS), the first step of sulfate assimilation and PAPS biosynthesis in bacteria, plants, fungi, and animals.

Sulfate compounds: solubility and thermodynamic reference data

Sulfate reference data tabulate how much each metal sulfate dissolves in water at a given temperature, plus solubility products and standard thermodynamic functions of sulfate salts.

Sulfate mineral

A sulfate mineral is a mineral whose dominant anion is the sulfate ion, SO4. More than 100 species are known, but gypsum and anhydrite are the only rock-forming sulfates.

Sulfate radical

The sulfate radical (SO₄•⁻) is a strong one-electron oxidant produced by activating persulfate or peroxymonosulfate, used in advanced oxidation processes to degrade organic contaminants in water and soil.

Sulfate reduction

Sulfate reduction: microbial conversion of sulfate to sulfide. Dissimilatory sulfate reduction (sulfate respiration) by sulfate-reducing bacteria and archaea, e.g. Desulfovibrio, uses sulfate as terminal electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration, driving sulfur and carbon cycling and wastewater bioremediation.

Sulfate-methane transition zone

Sulfate-methane transition zone (SMTZ), also called sulfate-methane transition: sediment horizon where downward sulfate and upward methane overlap and are consumed by ANME-SRB anaerobic oxidation of methane, typically 1–30 mbsf, filtering marine methane emissions.

Sulfathiazole

Sulfathiazole is a short-acting sulfonamide antibacterial first described in 1939 and FDA-approved in 1945, now withdrawn for systemic use because of toxicity but still found in some topical and veterinary products.

Sep 29, 2026

Sulfation (chemistry)

Sulfation is a chemical reaction that introduces a sulfate ester group onto an alcohol, phenol, or amine, converting a neutral hydroxyl into a negatively charged group.

Sulfato complex

A sulfato complex is a coordination complex in which one or more sulfate anions bind a metal center as ligands; IUPAC names coordinated sulfate "sulfato".

Sulfenic acid

Sulfenic acids, organosulfur oxyacids of formula R–SOH, are highly reactive intermediates in thiol oxidation, formed on cysteine in proteins and during the cutting of onions and garlic.

Sulfentrazone

Sulfentrazone (Authority, Dismiss) is an aryl triazolinone, group 14 PPO-inhibiting herbicide first US-registered in 1997, used preemergence in soybeans and turf, highly soil-mobile with a 1.5-year aerobic half-life.

Sulfhydryl oxidase

Sulfhydryl oxidase (QSOX, Quiescin-sulfhydryl oxidase; EC 1.8.3.-) is a FAD-dependent enzyme family oxidizing thiols to disulfides with oxygen, producing H2O2, in secretory-pathway protein folding.

Sulfide

Sulfide, also called sulfide, names two classes of sulfur chemistry: organic compounds of the structure RSR, once called thioethers, and inorganic salts derived from hydrogen sulfide.

Sulfide minerals

Sulfide minerals are minerals in which sulfur combines as an anion with metal or semi-metal cations, including pyrite and galena; they supply most copper, lead, zinc, and nickel, but their oxidation causes acid mine drainage.

Oct 22, 2026

Sulfide solid electrolyte

A sulfide solid electrolyte is a sulfur-based ceramic that conducts lithium or sodium ions while blocking electrons, serving as the ion-transporting separator in all-solid-state batteries.

Oct 22, 2026

Sulfide solid-state battery

Solid-state lithium batteries with sulfide electrolytes are rechargeable batteries in which the flammable liquid electrolyte is replaced by a sulfide solid, such as LGPS or Li₆PS₅Cl, matching liquid electrolytes in ionic conductivity and enabling lithium-metal anodes.

Sulfide stress cracking

Sulfide stress cracking (SSC) is a form of hydrogen embrittlement that cracks steel under tensile stress in wet hydrogen sulfide environments, mainly in sour oil and gas service.

Sulfinpyrazone

Sulfinpyrazone (Anturane) is an oral uricosuric drug, a phenylbutazone analog that lowers serum urate in chronic gout by blocking uric acid reabsorption in the kidney.

Sulfiredoxin

Sulfiredoxin (Srx, human gene SRXN1) is an ATP- and Mg2+-dependent enzyme that repairs hyperoxidized typical 2-Cys peroxiredoxins by reducing active-site cysteine sulfinic acid, restoring peroxidase activity; discovered in yeast in 2003, regulated by Nrf2 and AP-1, implicated in cancer, Parkinson's disease, and liver disease.