All articles starting with S
44,216 articles
Scientific calculator
A scientific calculator is a handheld electronic calculator that, beyond arithmetic, computes trigonometric, logarithmic, and exponential functions, a category begun with the Hewlett-Packard HP-35 in 1972.
Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research
The Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) is an international non-governmental organization founded in 1957 by the International Council of Scientific Unions to promote and coordinate international ocean science.
Scientific committees of the Polish Academy of Sciences
The scientific committees of the Polish Academy of Sciences are self-governing representatives of individual scientific disciplines in Poland, electing 2,130 members across 71 committees for the term beginning 2024.
Scientific consensus
Scientific consensus is a high level of agreement among scientists with relevant expertise on a claim or practice, formed over years from independent lines of evidence rather than a single study.
Scientific consensus on climate change
The scientific consensus on climate change, also known as scientific opinion on global warming, is the agreement that human activities have unequivocally caused about 1.1 °C of warming, endorsed by over 99% of climate scientists.
Scientific control
A scientific control, also known as a control experiment or experimental control, is a comparison condition built into an experiment, separating an intervention's effect from background variability and confounding, as in placebo-controlled clinical trials.
Scientific Data Systems
Scientific Data Systems (SDS) was an American computer company founded in California in 1961 by Max Palevsky and Packard Bell colleagues, sold to Xerox in 1969 for about $1 billion.
Scientific drilling
Scientific drilling is a research method that recovers samples from beneath the seafloor and continental crust, verifying geophysical models and extending the marine record back 200 million years.
Scientific law
A scientific law, also known as a law of science or physical law, is a descriptive generalization, often mathematical, about how nature behaves under stated circumstances; laws describe but do not explain.
Scientific management
Scientific management, or Taylorism, is a system of factory management developed by American engineer Frederick Winslow Taylor that replaced rule-of-thumb methods with measured, standardized work.
Scientific method
The scientific method, also called scientific methodology, is how scientists generate, test, and evaluate knowledge claims about the natural world through systematic observation, experiment, and collective critical scrutiny.
Scientific misconduct
Scientific misconduct is fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism in research, as defined by the 2000 US federal policy; distinct from questionable research practices, with survey-based prevalence around 2.9% self-reported and investigation by institutions under ORI oversight.
Scientific modelling
Scientific modeling is the practice of building simplified representations of parts of the world, called models, to describe, explain, and predict how target systems behave.
Scientific notation
Scientific notation, also called standard index form, is a way of writing very large and very small numbers as a coefficient times a power of ten.
Scientific outfitting of research vessels
Scientific outfitting of research vessels is the design of a ship's winches, cranes, deck machinery, laboratories, and hull-mounted acoustic sensors as one integrated system for deploying scientific instruments.
Scientific pitch notation
Scientific pitch notation (SPN), aka American standard or international pitch notation, names pitches as note letter plus octave number, with middle C as C4, A4 at 440 Hz, octaves starting on C, and MIDI 60 equal to C4.
Scientific pluralism
Scientific pluralism is a position in the philosophy of science holding that science legitimately involves a plurality of theories, methods, models, and ontologies rather than a single unified account.
Scientific progress
Scientific progress is the improvement of scientific knowledge over time, and the philosophical study of what counts as improvement, with accounts from Karl Popper, Thomas Kuhn, and others.
Scientific racism
Scientific racism, also called race science, uses the authority of science to argue that races form a hierarchy; it flourished from the 1800s and is now discredited.
Scientific realism
Scientific realism is a position in the philosophy of science holding that our best theories give true or approximately true descriptions of a mind-independent world, including unobservable entities.
Scientific Reports
Scientific Reports (Sci Rep) is an online open-access peer-reviewed journal launched by Nature Publishing Group in 2011, publishing research across the natural sciences, psychology, medicine, and engineering.
Scientific research on the International Space Station
Scientific research on the International Space Station, also called ISS science, is research aboard the orbiting laboratory, spanning biology, human physiology, physical science, Earth and space science, and technology development.
Scientific revolution
A scientific revolution is a discontinuous change in a science's accepted framework, seen in Kuhn's model and the historical Scientific Revolution of about 1500 to 1700.
Scientific skepticism
Scientific skepticism, also called skeptical inquiry, is the practice of questioning claims by demanding clear definitions, consistent logic, and adequate evidence, especially for paranormal and pseudoscientific claims.
Scientific socialism
Scientific socialism, or Wissenschaftlicher Sozialismus, is Engels' term for the Marx-Engels doctrine, distinguished from utopian socialism by surplus value and historical materialism, expounded in Anti-Dühring and Socialism: Utopian and Scientific.
Scientific socialism in Somalia
Scientific socialism in Somalia was the state ideology adopted by Mohamed Siad Barre's military regime in 1970, blending the Quran with Marx and driving nationalization and literacy campaigns.
Scientific theory
A scientific theory is a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world, confirmed through observation and experiment, and distinct from the everyday sense of theory as a guess.
Scientism
Scientism: the philosophical view that science, or the natural sciences, is the best or only source of genuine knowledge. Covers strong/weak and narrow/broad forms, its positivist roots, Hayek's critique, defenders like Rosenberg, and self-referentiality objections.
Scientist
A scientist is a person who conducts systematic research to increase knowledge about the natural or social world, typically by observing, forming and testing explanations, and reporting results.
Scientology
Scientology is a new religious movement founded by L. Ron Hubbard, who introduced its ideas in Dianetics (1950); its Church was founded in 1954, and its central practice is auditing.