All articles starting with S
44,216 articles
Secondary hypereosinophilic syndrome
Secondary hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES-R, reactive HES, ORPHA:314962) is a rare HES variant with polyclonal, cytokine-driven eosinophilia from infections, allergy, drugs, autoimmunity, or non-myeloid malignancy, persisting six months with organ damage.
Secondary hyperparathyroidism
Secondary hyperparathyroidism: excessive but non-autonomous parathyroid hormone production, chiefly from chronic kidney disease and vitamin D deficiency, driven by hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, low calcitriol, and FGF23, and treated with phosphate binders, vitamin D analogs, calcimimetics, or parathyroidectomy.
Secondary hypertension
Secondary hypertension: high blood pressure from an identifiable cause (primary aldosteronism, sleep apnea, renal artery stenosis, renal disease, Cushing, pheochromocytoma). About 5–10% of hypertension overall, up to 30% in young adults; screened with aldosterone-to-renin ratio, metanephrines, imaging.
Secondary hyperthyroidism
Secondary (central) hyperthyroidism: raised free T4/T3 with non-suppressed TSH, caused by TSH-secreting pituitary adenoma (TSHoma) or resistance to thyroid hormone beta; distinguished from assay interference, treated by surgery and somatostatin analogs.
Secondary Immunization
Secondary immunization, or booster dosing, gives vaccine doses after a completed primary series to restore waning immunity or convert first-dose non-responders; CDC and WHO schedule boosters for tetanus, diphtheria, Hib, MMR, and COVID-19.
Secondary intestinal lymphangiectasia
Secondary intestinal lymphangiectasia (ORPHA:90363, ICD-10 I89.0) is acquired intestinal lymphangiectasia causing protein-losing enteropathy from another disorder such as Crohn's disease, congestive heart failure, or the Fontan operation; treatment targets the underlying disease.
Secondary intracranial hypotension
Secondary intracranial hypotension (ICD-11 8D61.1) is low CSF pressure, usually below 60 mm H2O, caused by an identified dural injury such as lumbar puncture, spinal or cranial surgery, shunt placement, or trauma, causing orthostatic headache.
Secondary ion mass spectrometry
Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) is an analytical technique that determines surface composition by bombarding a sample with primary ions and measuring ejected secondary ions.
Secondary lactase deficiency
Secondary lactase deficiency, or secondary lactose intolerance: loss of intestinal lactase from small bowel injury by infection (rotavirus, Giardia), celiac disease, Crohn's disease, surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation; usually reversible when the underlying cause is treated.
Secondary lichenification
Secondary lichenification (ICD-11 EA83.1): thickened, leathery skin with increased markings caused by repeated rubbing and scratching of skin already affected by a primary pruritic dermatosis such as atopic eczema, psoriasis, or lichen sclerosus.
Secondary lymphedema
Secondary lymphedema is swelling from acquired lymphatic drainage failure, accounting for roughly 85% of lymphedema worldwide, most often after cancer surgery, radiation, or filarial infection.
Secondary lymphoedema
Secondary lymphoedema, or acquired lymphedema, is limb or body swelling from lymphatic damage by cancer treatment, filariasis, trauma, or obesity; managed with decongestive therapy, compression, and microsurgery.
Secondary market
A secondary market, also called a secondary financial market, is where investors buy and sell existing securities after issuance; proceeds go to the selling investor, giving securities liquidity.
Secondary Metabolism
Secondary metabolism produces specialized metabolites, small molecules distinct from primary metabolites, built from acetyl-CoA, amino acids, shikimate, or mevalonate; they defend and signal ecologically and yield antibiotics and other drugs.
Secondary metabolite
Secondary metabolites (specialized metabolites, natural products) are small molecules under 1500 Da from nonessential conditional pathways, including alkaloids, terpenoids, polyketides, and phenylpropanoids; they drive defense, signaling, and most natural-product-derived drugs.
Secondary migration
Secondary migration is the movement of petroleum after expulsion from its source rock through permeable carrier beds toward a trap, driven by buoyancy and limited by capillary pressure.
Secondary mood syndrome
Secondary mood syndrome (ICD-11 6E62; organic affective disorder) is prominent mood symptoms caused directly by a medical condition, coded with depressive, manic, mixed, or unspecified subtypes alongside the causing condition.
Secondary myocardial involvement of systemic disease
Secondary myocardial involvement of systemic disease is heart muscle dysfunction caused by an identifiable systemic condition, including endocrine, nutritional, electrolyte, iron-overload, and storage disorders rather than primary heart disease.
Secondary neutral mass spectrometry
Secondary neutral mass spectrometry (SNMS) is a surface-analysis mass spectrometry technique that post-ionizes neutral atoms sputtered from a sample, avoiding SIMS matrix effects for quantitative depth profiling of thin films.
Secondary oocyte
A secondary oocyte, the cell released at ovulation in humans, forms when a primary oocyte completes the first meiotic division and splits off the first polar body.
Secondary open-angle glaucoma
Secondary open-angle glaucoma: optic neuropathy with an open drainage angle caused by identifiable conditions such as pseudoexfoliation, pigment dispersion, neovascularization, trauma, inflammation, drugs, or lens-induced mechanisms, treated by lowering IOP plus addressing the cause.
Secondary pancreatic insufficiency
Secondary pancreatic insufficiency is a form of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in which enzymes are released but cannot work, as after pancreatic or upper gastrointestinal surgery.
Secondary parkinsonism
Secondary parkinsonism (ICD-11 8A00.2) is parkinsonism caused by drugs, vascular disease, toxins, infection, trauma, or hydrocephalus rather than Parkinson disease; drug-induced parkinsonism is the most common cause and is often reversible.
Secondary peritonitis
Secondary peritonitis: acute peritoneal infection from loss of gastrointestinal tract integrity (perforated ulcer, appendicitis, diverticulitis, anastomotic leak), distinct from primary and tertiary peritonitis; polymicrobial, treated by surgical source control plus antibiotics.
Secondary personality change
Secondary personality change (ICD-11 6E68; ICD-10-CM F07.0, organic personality disorder) is a persistent personality change caused directly by a medical condition such as brain injury, tumor, or epilepsy, coded alongside the underlying disease.
Secondary polar body
Secondary polar body (second polar body, PB2): the small haploid cell extruded when a secondary oocyte completes meiosis II after fertilization; its extrusion timing after ICSI predicts fertilization and it enables maternal-only preimplantation genetic testing.
Secondary portal hypertension
Secondary portal hypertension (ICD-11 DB98.74) is elevated portal venous pressure from an identifiable non-cirrhotic cause, classified prehepatic, intrahepatic, or posthepatic; includes left-sided (sinistral) portal hypertension from pancreatic disease, cured by splenectomy.
Secondary Prevention
Secondary prevention is the level of preventive medicine, defined by Leavell and Clark in 1958, that detects and treats disease early through screening tests like mammography and the Pap smear.
Secondary prevention after myocardial infarction
Secondary prevention after myocardial infarction is the combination of medications, lifestyle change, and structured follow-up used to prevent recurrent cardiovascular events in heart attack survivors.
Secondary prevention of coronary artery disease
Secondary prevention of coronary artery disease is the set of drug treatments, lifestyle measures, and risk-factor targets used to prevent further damage and progression after a cardiovascular disease diagnosis.