All articles starting with S
44,216 articles
Secularism
Secularism, a term coined by George Jacob Holyoake, is the principle of separating religious institutions from the state while guaranteeing freedom of conscience; its models include French laïcité, US separationism, and Indian equal treatment.
Secularism in India
Secularism in India: constitutional principle that the Indian state has no religion and treats all religions equally, without strict separation of religion and state. Articles 25-28, 'secular' added to Preamble by 42nd Amendment 1976, basic-structure status, principled-distance model.
Secularity
Secularity is the condition in which religion is distinguished from other spheres of life and the state avoids identification with any religion, distinct from secularism and secularization.
Secularization
Secularization is the process by which religion loses social significance: religious roles and institutions decline in standing, and people engage less in religious practices and beliefs.
Secularization of church lands (1764)
The secularization of church lands of 1764 (Секуляризация церковных земель) was Catherine II's transfer of the Russian Orthodox Church's estates and over 900,000 peasants to the Russian state.
Secularization of the California missions
The secularization of the California missions was the Mexican-ordered process of 1834 to 1836 that stripped the Franciscan missions of their lands and converted them into parish churches.
Secunda CTL
Secunda CTL is a commercial coal-to-liquids facility operated by Sasol in South Africa. It converts low-grade coal and natural gas into liquid fuels, meeting about 28% of the country's annual needs.
Secunderabad
Secunderabad (Sikandarabad), twin city of Hyderabad, Telangana, India: British cantonment founded 1806 after the 1798 subsidiary alliance, named for Nizam Sikander Jah, north of Hussain Sagar, long a major military station, now part of metropolitan Hyderabad.
Secunderabad Junction railway station
Secunderabad Junction railway station is one of the principal rail terminals serving Hyderabad in Secunderabad, Telangana, India. Opened in 1874 under the Nizam, it is among South India's oldest stations.
SECURE 2.0 Act
SECURE 2.0 Act of 2022, Division T of the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 (Public Law 117-328), is US retirement legislation with over ninety provisions: mandatory automatic enrollment, Roth catch-up rules, RMD age changes, and small business credits.
Secure aggregation
Secure aggregation is a cryptographic protocol letting a server compute the sum of vectors from many clients, such as model updates, while learning nothing about any individual input.
Secure Boot
Secure Boot is a UEFI security specification that verifies boot software signatures to ensure a PC boots using only trusted programs. Windows 11 requires this firmware capability.
Secure Enclave (Apple)
The Secure Enclave is a dedicated secure subsystem in Apple chips, isolated from the main processor to protect fingerprint and face data, encryption keys, and the passcode.
Secure Fence Act of 2006
Secure Fence Act of 2006 (P.L. 109-367, H.R. 6061), US law signed October 26, 2006, requiring two-layer reinforced fencing along five southwest border stretches and DHS operational control of all borders.
Secure multi-party computation
Secure multi-party computation (MPC) is a family of cryptographic protocols in which mutually distrusting parties jointly compute an agreed function on their private inputs, learning only the output.
Secure precoding
Secure precoding is a physical layer security technique in which a multi-antenna transmitter designs its precoding matrix to direct confidential signals toward legitimate receivers while suppressing the signal reaching eavesdroppers, often combined with artificial noise.
Secure Shell
Secure Shell (SSH), also called the Secure Shell Protocol, is a protocol for secure remote login over an insecure network, typically using TCP port 22, created by Tatu Ylönen in 1995.
Secure Sockets Layer
Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) was a family of cryptographic protocols developed at Netscape to keep client and server communication private over the Internet, enabling e-commerce.
SECURE study
SECURE (Clinical Outcomes in Patients Treated With SternaLock Blu, NCT03709693) was a terminated Zimmer Biomet real-world evidence study of deep sternal wound infection at 30 days after SternaLock Blu rigid plate sternotomy closure, targeting 156 participants at four US sites.
SecureLink
SecureLink was a European cybersecurity services company founded in Belgium in 2003, headquartered in Sliedrecht, the Netherlands, and acquired by Orange in 2019 for €515 million.
Secureworks
Secureworks, formerly SecureWorks, is an American cybersecurity company headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia. Founded in 1999, it offers the Taegis platform and was acquired by Sophos in 2025.
Securisca
Securisca, also spelled Securispa or Curisca, was a Roman fort and road station on the Danube frontier in Lower Moesia, near Cherkovitsa and Byala Voda in modern Bulgaria.
Securitas AB
Securitas AB, founded 1934 in Helsingborg, Sweden by Erik Philip-Sörensen, is a Stockholm-headquartered security services group, second largest globally, with 322,000 employees in 44 markets, listed on Nasdaq Stockholm since 1991.
Securitas depot robbery
The Securitas depot robbery was the theft of £53 million from a cash depot in Tonbridge, Kent, in 2006, the largest cash robbery in UK history.
Securitate
The Securitatea statului was the secret police and intelligence service of communist Romania, created in 1948 and dissolved after the fall of Ceaușescu in December 1989.
SÉCURITÉ
SÉCURITÉ, pronounced say-cure-a-tay, is the international radiotelephony safety signal, spoken three times to announce an important navigational or meteorological warning, ranking below PAN-PAN and MAYDAY.
Securities Act of 1933
The Securities Act of 1933 is the US statute requiring registration of public securities offerings and full disclosure to investors, enacted May 27, 1933, and still the foundation of US capital-markets regulation.
Securities and Exchange Board of India
Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), India's securities market regulator. Constituted 1988 as a non-statutory body, statutory under the SEBI Act, 1992; protects investors, regulates stock exchanges, intermediaries, mutual funds, insider trading, and takeovers from its Bombay head office.
Securities Exchange Act of 1934
The Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (Exchange Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 78a–78qq) is the U.S. federal statute regulating secondary-market securities trading. It created the SEC (Section 4, five commissioners), empowered periodic corporate reporting, SRO and broker-dealer oversight, and Rule 10b-5 antifraud enforcement, distinct from the 1933 Act's primary-market registration.
Securities fraud
Securities fraud: deception in buying or selling securities, covering insider trading, Ponzi and pump-and-dump schemes, and misrepresentation. Governed by the 1933/1934 Acts and Rule 10b-5; enforced by the SEC and DOJ.