All articles starting with S
44,216 articles
Shaozhong Ge
Shaozhong Ge (葛少中) is an organic and organometallic chemist and associate professor at the National University of Singapore, trained with John Hartwig, known for ligand-controlled cobalt-catalyzed hydroboration.
SHAP
SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) is a feature attribution method that explains individual machine-learning predictions by assigning each feature a Shapley value from cooperative game theory.
Shape
Shape is the form of an object, defined as everything about a figure that remains after removing position, orientation, and scale, studied across geometry, statistics, and computing.
Shape analysis (computational geometry)
Shape analysis is the branch of computational geometry that compares and models geometric objects after removing location, scale, and rotation, producing shape distances, correspondences, and mean shapes.
Shape anisotropy
Shape anisotropy is a direction dependence of a magnetized body's energy arising purely from its geometry, caused by the demagnetizing field from surface magnetic poles.
Shape coexistence
Shape coexistence is a nuclear physics phenomenon where distinct nuclear shapes, such as spherical, oblate, and prolate, occur within the same atomic nucleus at similar excitation energy.
Shape context
Shape context is a shape descriptor in computer vision that represents each point on a shape by a histogram of the other points' relative positions, used for shape matching and object recognition.
Shape deposition manufacturing
Shape deposition manufacturing (SDM) is a solid freeform fabrication process that builds multi-material parts by depositing layers and machining each one, developed at Carnegie Mellon and Stanford.
Shape derivative
The shape derivative measures how a shape functional, a function assigning a number to a domain, changes when the domain is smoothly deformed, and is central to shape optimization.
Shape dynamics
Shape dynamics is a reformulation of general relativity, locally equivalent to Einstein's theory, in which refoliation invariance is traded for invariance under local scale transformations of space.
Shape factor (plastic design)
The shape factor of a structural cross section is the ratio of its plastic to its elastic section modulus, a purely geometric property independent of material strength.
Shape from shading
Shape from shading is a computer vision problem: recovering the 3D shape of a surface from the shading variation in a single image, founded by Horn in the 1970s.
Shape grammar
A shape grammar is a rule-based production system that generates shapes by recursively applying shape-replacement rules, introduced by George Stiny and James Gips in 1971 and widely used in architectural design.
Shape Island
Shape Island is a stop-motion animated Apple TV+ children's series (premiered January 20, 2023) based on Mac Barnett and Jon Klassen's Shapes picture book trilogy, following Square, Triangle, and Circle; season 2 premiered August 29, 2025.
Shape memory alloy actuator
A shape memory alloy actuator is a solid-state actuator that produces motion from a reversible phase transformation between martensite and austenite, triggered by heat, stress, or a magnetic field.
Shape memory polymer
A shape memory polymer is a smart material fixed in a temporary shape that recovers its memorized permanent shape when triggered by heat, light, or another stimulus.
Shape of My Heart (Sting song)
Shape of My Heart: 1993 Sting song co-written with guitarist Dominic Miller, from Ten Summoner's Tales, about a card player seeking meaning in chance; famous for its descending riff, Léon placement, and roughly 150 covers.
Shape of the universe
The shape of the universe, also called cosmic topology, is the global geometry of space, covering curvature and whether space is finite; observations show it is flat.
Shape of You
Shape of You is a 2017 Ed Sheeran single from ÷, written with Steve Mac and Johnny McDaid, first Hot 100 number one, 14 UK weeks at number one, and long Spotify's most-streamed song.
Shape optimization
Shape optimization is a numerical design method that iteratively adjusts a structure's geometry, guided by physics simulations and gradients, to improve drag, compliance, or cost.
Shape resonance
A shape resonance is a short-lived scattering state in which an electron is temporarily trapped in a potential well behind a barrier, then escapes by tunneling.
Shape Up (software development)
Shape Up is a product development methodology from Basecamp that runs software work in fixed six-week cycles, replacing backlogs and estimates with shaped pitches and explicit bets.
Shape-controlled synthesis
Shape-controlled synthesis is a solution-phase materials chemistry method that grows inorganic nanocrystals in chosen shapes, such as cubes, rods, and plates, by tuning ligands and temperature.
Shape-memory alloy
A shape-memory alloy, also called memory metal, is a metal that recovers a pre-set shape when heated. Its best-known form is nitinol, a nickel-titanium alloy.
Shape-memory effect
The shape-memory effect is a material's ability to recover a preset shape when heated after deformation in its low-temperature martensitic phase, best known in nickel-titanium alloys such as nitinol.
Shape-memory effect in zeolitic imidazolate frameworks
The shape-memory effect in zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) is the proposed ability of these porous metal-organic crystals to keep a deformed state until a second stimulus restores their pores.
Shape-memory hydrogel
A shape-memory hydrogel (SMH) is a water-swollen polymer network that returns to its programmed original shape when triggered by stimuli such as heat, light, or pH change.
Shape-memory metamaterials
Shape-memory metamaterials are architected materials combining mechanical metamaterial design with the shape memory effect, recovering a memorized shape when triggered by heat, light, or magnetism.
Shape-morphing metamaterials
Shape-morphing metamaterials are a subclass of mechanical metamaterials whose geometry lets them transform into prescribed target shapes, with applications in robotics, biomedical devices, and deployable structures.
Shaped by Fire
Shaped by Fire is the seventh studio album by San Diego metalcore band As I Lay Dying, released in 2019 through Nuclear Blast, its first album since 2012.