All articles starting with S

Speech audiometry

Speech audiometry is a clinical hearing test measuring how well a listener detects and understands speech rather than pure tones, using the speech recognition threshold and word recognition score.

Speech coding compresses digitized speech into a compact bitstream for transmission or storage and reconstructs it at the receiver, spanning waveform coders, vocoders, CELP standards like AMR and Opus, and neural codecs since SoundStream in 2021.

Speech community

Speech community, a core sociolinguistic unit of analysis: a group sharing interaction and, per Labov, evaluative norms rather than identical speech. Key alternatives: social networks, communities of practice, discourse communities.

Speech Discrimination Tests

Speech discrimination tests, now usually called word recognition testing, measure the percentage of standardized monosyllabic words a listener repeats correctly at suprathreshold levels; rooted in Egan's 1948 phonetically balanced lists and Hahlbrock's German test, they assess speech understanding in quiet and in noise.

Speech disfluency

Speech disfluency is an interruption in the flow of speech (fillers, repetitions, pauses, revisions). Also called dysfluency; distinguished from fluency disorders such as stuttering and cluttering, which it can indicate when severe.

Speech disorder

Speech disorder: impairment of articulation of speech sounds, fluency (stuttering), or voice as defined by ASHA; distinct from language disorder. Covers types, prevalence (3-16% of US children), and speech-language pathology treatment evidence.

Speech dysfluency

Speech dysfluency is a disruption of the rhythmic flow of speech, ranging from ordinary hesitations and repetitions to fluency disorders, chiefly stuttering and cluttering, with acquired forms following brain injury.

Oct 22, 2026

Speech Genres and Other Late Essays

Speech Genres and Other Late Essays is a 1986 English collection of six essays by Russian critic Mikhail Bakhtin, including his foundational essay on speech genres.

Speech or language disturbances

Speech or language disturbances (ICD-11 MA80) is a Chapter 21 symptom category covering acquired aphasia, dysphasia, dysarthria, and anarthria, excluding developmental disorders (6A01), autism (6A02), and speech dysfluency (MA81); ICD-10-CM equivalent R47.

Speech Perception

Speech perception: how listeners map highly variable acoustic speech signals onto phonemes, syllables, or words. Key issues are lack of acoustic invariance, the rise and fall of categorical perception, and continuous encoding.

Speech production

Speech production: converting a message into respiratory, laryngeal, and articulatory movements. Covers coarticulation, Levelt's psycholinguistic model, and DIVA, SFC, Task Dynamics, and FACTS motor control models.

Speech Production Measurement

Speech Production Measurement (MeSH D013068): measurement of speech parameters such as pitch, loudness, voice quality, articulation, and prosody, using acoustic analysis, imaging, and clinical protocols.

Speech Reception Threshold Test

Speech Reception Threshold Test (SRT, spondee threshold): audiology test finding the lowest hearing level at which a listener repeats 50% of two-syllable spondaic words, used to cross-check the pure-tone audiogram.

Speech recognition

Speech recognition, also called automatic speech recognition or speech to text, converts an audio signal of spoken language into a text transcript, measured by word error rate.

Speech Recognition Grammar Specification

The Speech Recognition Grammar Specification (SRGS) is a 2004 W3C standard that gives developers a syntax for specifying the words and word patterns a speech recognizer should listen for.

Speech separation

Speech separation is the signal processing and machine learning task of recovering individual speech signals from an audio mixture, underpinning speech recognition, mobile communication, and hearing aids.

Speech synthesis

Speech synthesis, or text to speech (TTS), is the computer-generated production of human speech from text or symbolic input, serving accessibility tools like screen readers and navigation systems.

Speech Therapy

Speech therapy: assessment and treatment of speech, language, and swallowing disorders by speech-language pathologists (SLPs), credentialed via ASHA's CCC-SLP; covers pediatric speech sound disorders, post-stroke aphasia and dysphagia, and telepractice delivery.

Speech translation

Speech translation converts spoken utterances in one language into text or speech in another, combining speech recognition with machine translation; uses include travel, lectures, dubbing, and crisis response.

Speech transmission index

The speech transmission index (STI) is a standardized measure of speech intelligibility, scored 0 to 1, developed at TNO in the Netherlands in the early 1970s.

Speech-native and audio-language modeling

Speech-native and audio-language modeling covers methods that let large language models take audio in and output audio in one network, as in AudioPaLM, SpeechGPT, and Moshi.

Oct 15, 2026

Speech-to-speech translation

Speech-to-speech translation translates spoken utterances into another language so speakers can converse, through cascades of recognition, translation, and synthesis, or direct models like Translatotron, first shown in 2019.

Speechless (TV series)

Speechless (2016-2019) is an ABC family sitcom created by Scott Silveri about J.J. DiMeo, a non-speaking teen with cerebral palsy played by Micah Fowler, who has the same disability; canceled after 3 seasons and 63 episodes despite critical acclaim.

Speed

Speed is the rate at which an object covers distance, measured as distance divided by time; it is a scalar, lacking the direction velocity carries.

Speed (1994 film)

Speed (1994) is a 20th Century Fox action thriller, Jan de Bont's directorial debut, starring Keanu Reeves, Sandra Bullock, and Dennis Hopper; a bus bomb detonates below 50 mph, and the film grossed $350M and won two Oscars.

Speed (card game)

Speed (also called Spit or Slam) is a two-player shedding card game with no turns: both players race to empty a 5-card hand and 15-card draw pile onto two shared center piles, playing cards one rank higher or lower, aces wrapping to kings and twos.

Speed (TV network)

Speed (TV network), originally Speedvision, was an American motorsports cable channel launched December 31, 1995 by Roger Werner, Fox-owned from 2001, renamed Speed Channel then Speed, and rebranded Fox Sports 1 on August 17, 2013.

Speed 2: Cruise Control

Speed 2: Cruise Control (スピード2) is a 1997 American action thriller sequel to Speed, directed by Jan de Bont, starring Sandra Bullock, Jason Patric, and Willem Dafoe; a hijacker sets a cruise ship on a collision course, and the film earned a 4% Tomatometer.