All articles starting with T

Thiolactone

A thiolactone is a cyclic thioester, the sulfur analog of a lactone, found in synthetic building blocks like γ-thiobutyrolactone, in homocysteine thiolactone formed in all organisms, and in bacterial signaling peptides.

Thiolase

Thiolase (acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase; 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase) is a CoA-dependent enzyme family catalyzing thiolytic cleavage of 3-ketoacyl-CoA and reverse Claisen condensation, using two catalytic cysteines; types I (EC 2.3.1.16) and II (EC 2.3.1.9) drive beta-oxidation, ketogenesis, and sterol synthesis.

Thiolate-protected gold cluster

A thiolate-protected gold cluster is an atomically precise particle of gold, formula Aun(SR)m, whose gold core below about 2 nm is stabilized by thiolate ligands and behaves molecularly.

Thiolation of wobble uridine in tRNA

Thiolation of wobble uridine in tRNA is the enzymatic replacement of uridine 34's oxygen with sulfur, forming 2-thiouridine in tRNAs for glutamate, glutamine, and lysine.

Thiomersal

Thiomersal (thimerosal, merthiolate) is an ethylmercury-based preservative used in multi-dose vaccine vials since the 1930s; removed from US childhood vaccines in 2001 as a precaution, with no evidence it causes autism.

Thiometon

Thiometon (CAS 640-15-3), also sold as Ekatin, is a systemic organophosphorus insecticide and acaricide controlling aphids, mites, and sawflies on many crops; a cholinesterase-inhibiting contact and stomach poison formerly registered in over 50 countries.

Thionazin

Thionazin (Zinophos), C8H13N2O3PS, an obsolete organophosphate soil insecticide and nematicide; acetylcholinesterase inhibitor with rat oral LD50 12 mg/kg, not EU-approved, EPA waste code P040.

Thionin

Thionins (purothionins, hordothionins, viscotoxins) are plant-only antimicrobial peptides of about 5 kDa, basic and cysteine-rich, first isolated from wheat in 1942; they kill microbes by binding membrane phospholipids and lysing cells.

Thionitrous acid

Thionitrous acid (HSNO) is an unstable inorganic S-nitrosothiol, formed from hydrogen sulfide and S-nitrosoglutathione and proposed as a link between nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide signaling.

Thionoester

A thionoester is a carboxylic acid derivative of formula R–C(=S)–O–R′, an ester whose carbonyl oxygen is replaced by sulfur, usually made with Lawesson's reagent or P₄S₁₀.

Thionyl chloride

Thionyl chloride (SOCl2), also called sulfinyl chloride, is a fuming inorganic liquid that converts alcohols and acids to chlorides and powers lithium thionyl chloride batteries.

Thiophanate

Thiophanate, chiefly thiophanate-methyl (Topsin M), is a systemic benzimidazole-class fungicide introduced in 1970 that converts to carbendazim; used on crops, turf, and ornamentals, with EU approval not renewed in 2020 but continued US registration.

Thiophanate methyl

Thiophanate methyl (thiophanate-methyl, Topsin M) is a systemic MBC (FRAC 1) fungicide introduced in 1970, acting on fungal β-tubulin, metabolized to carbendazim, and no longer approved in the EU since 19 October 2020.

Thiophene

Thiophene is an aromatic five-membered heterocyclic organic compound with formula C₄H₄S, the sulfur analog of furan and pyrrole, whose ring appears in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and electronic materials.

Thiophenol

Thiophenol, also known as benzenethiol or phenyl mercaptan, is the simplest aromatic thiol, a foul-smelling, highly toxic liquid used mainly as an intermediate for pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and amber dyes.

Thiophosphate

Thiophosphate is a phosphate in which one or more oxygen atoms bound to phosphorus are replaced by sulfur, forming anions, insecticidal esters, and lithium battery electrolytes.

Thioredoxin

Thioredoxin (Trx) is a small, ubiquitous redox protein, about 12 kDa, that reduces disulfide bonds in proteins and, with thioredoxin reductase and NADPH, forms one of the cell's principal antioxidant systems.

Thioredoxin H-type-like

Thioredoxin H-type-like (InterPro IPR050620) is a protein family of h-type thioredoxins, cytosolic plant disulfide reductases with a WC[G/P]PC active site, reduced by NADPH-thioredoxin reductase and central to seed germination and redox signaling.

Thioredoxin reductase

Thioredoxin reductase (TrxR, EC 1.8.1.9), also TXNRD, is a homodimeric NADPH-dependent flavoenzyme that reduces oxidized thioredoxin; mammalian forms are selenoproteins (TrxR1, TrxR2, TGR) and drug targets in cancer and parasitic disease.

Thioridazine

Thioridazine, formerly marketed as Mellaril, is a phenothiazine antipsychotic first synthesized in 1958 that was used for psychoses including schizophrenia until branded versions were withdrawn worldwide in 2005 over cardiac arrhythmia risk.

Thiosemicarbazide

Thiosemicarbazide, also called aminothiourea, is an organic compound with formula CH₅N₃S, used as a chemical intermediate, analytical reagent, and rodenticide, and is fatal if swallowed.

Thiosulfate

Thiosulfate is a divalent sulfur oxoanion with the formula S2O3(2-), a sulfate analog in which one oxygen is replaced by sulfur, most often encountered as sodium thiosulfate.

Thiosulfate dehydrogenase

Thiosulfate dehydrogenase (TsdA), EC 1.8.2.2, is a periplasmic diheme c-type cytochrome that reversibly condenses two thiosulfate molecules into tetrathionate, releasing two electrons; distinct from TQO and SoxAX.

Thiosulfate sulfurtransferase domain-containing protein

Thiosulfate sulfurtransferase domain-containing proteins carry the rhodanese fold; the prototype TST (EC 2.8.1.1, rhodanese) is a mitochondrial enzyme detoxifying cyanide to thiocyanate and regulating H2S and Fe–S sulfur metabolism.

Thiosulfate sulfurtransferase, bacterial

Bacterial thiosulfate sulfurtransferase (rhodanese, EC 2.8.1.1), e.g. E. coli GlpE and PspE, transfers sulfane sulfur from thiosulfate to cyanide or dithiols via a cysteine persulfide intermediate, supporting cyanide detoxification, sulfur trafficking, and thiosulfate assimilation.

Thiosultap sodium

Thiosultap sodium (monosultap; disodium salt bisultap/dimehypo) is a nereistoxin-analogue, IRAC Group 14 nAChR channel-blocker insecticide, a pro-insecticide converting to nereistoxin, used mainly on rice stem borers; first registered Japan 1993, not EU-approved.