All articles starting with T
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Total internal reflection fluorescence microscope
A total internal reflection fluorescence microscope (TIRFM) is a fluorescence microscope that excites only fluorophores within about 100 to 200 nm of a coverslip using an evanescent wave.
Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy
Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, also called evanescent wave microscopy, is a fluorescence imaging technique that excites only fluorophores within a thin layer near a glass surface.
Total intravenous anesthesia
Total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) is a general anesthetic technique in which anesthesia is induced and maintained entirely with intravenous drugs, conventionally propofol with remifentanil, without any inhalational agent.
Total ionizing dose
Total ionizing dose is the cumulative energy deposited in a material by ionizing radiation, measured in rads, that gradually degrades electronics in spacecraft and nuclear environments.
Total iron-binding capacity
Total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) is a blood test measuring how much iron serum proteins, mainly transferrin, can bind; high in iron deficiency, low in inflammation, liver disease, or iron overload, interpreted with serum iron and ferritin.
Total laparoscopic hysterectomy
Total laparoscopic hysterectomy (TLH) is a minimally invasive operation removing the uterus and cervix entirely with laparoscopic instruments through small abdominal incisions, first performed in 1988 by Harry Reich.
Total least squares
Total least squares is an estimation method for fitting a model when every variable is subject to error, minimizing the smallest correction to both the data matrix and observations.
Total Linhas Aéreas Flight 5682
Total Linhas Aéreas Flight 5682 was a Brazilian cargo flight whose Boeing 737 freighter, PS-TLB, caught fire in flight on November 9, 2024, landing safely at Guarulhos.
Total Lung Capacity
Total lung capacity (TLC) is the lung gas volume at maximal inspiration, about 6 liters in healthy adults. Measured by plethysmography, gas dilution, or CT; reduced TLC defines restriction, elevated TLC indicates hyperinflation in COPD.
Total lymphoid irradiation
Total lymphoid irradiation (TLI) is a radiation therapy technique delivering small, fractionated doses to the lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus, originally developed for Hodgkin's disease and now used rarely in transplant conditioning.
Total marrow and lymphoid irradiation
Total marrow and lymphoid irradiation (TMLI) is a targeted radiation therapy used before stem cell transplantation, irradiating bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes while sparing other organs.
Total marrow irradiation
Total marrow irradiation (TMI) is an intensity-modulated radiation therapy technique that targets the entire skeleton while sparing organs, developed as an alternative to total body irradiation for conditioning before stem cell transplantation.
Total mastectomy
Total mastectomy, also called simple mastectomy, is an operation removing the entire breast, including the nipple, areola, and skin, while leaving the axillary lymph nodes and chest muscles in place.
Total mesorectal excision
Total mesorectal excision is an operation for rectal cancer that removes the rectum with its surrounding envelope of fat and lymphatics, the mesorectum, first reported by R. J. Heald in 1986.
Total mixed ration
Total mixed ration (TMR), also called complete ration, a dairy feeding method mixing forages, grains, proteins, minerals, and vitamins into one uniform feed; dominant on large US herds, giving an 8–12% nutritional advantage over component feeding.
Total neoadjuvant therapy
Total neoadjuvant therapy (TNT) is a cancer treatment strategy delivering radiation and full-dose chemotherapy before surgery, developed for locally advanced rectal cancer and recommended by 2024 NCCN guidelines.
Total nitrogen
Total nitrogen (TN) is the sum of all forms of nitrogen in a water sample, including nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, and organic nitrogen, and a core indicator in lake monitoring.
Total order
A total order, also called a linear order, is a relation on a set in which every pair of elements is comparable, as with the usual order on numbers.
Total organic carbon
Total organic carbon (TOC) is the amount of carbon bound in organic molecules in a sample, measured by oxidizing organic carbon to carbon dioxide and detecting it.
Total pancreatectomy
Total pancreatectomy is an operation that removes all pancreatic tissue, performed mainly for pancreatic tumors and high-risk pancreases; first done successfully in 1942, it causes lifelong diabetes requiring insulin and enzyme replacement.
Total parotidectomy
Total parotidectomy is a head and neck surgical operation that removes the entire parotid gland, both superficial and deep portions, while identifying and preserving the facial nerve.
Total penumbral lunar eclipse
A total penumbral lunar eclipse is a lunar eclipse in which the Moon passes entirely through Earth's penumbra without entering the dark umbra, making it very faint.
Total phosphorus
Total phosphorus (TP) is a water-quality measurement of all phosphorus in a water sample regardless of chemical form, obtained by converting every phosphorus compound to orthophosphate before analysis.
Total physical response
Total Physical Response (TPR) is a language teaching method developed by James Asher in the 1960s in which learners respond physically to spoken commands; comprehension precedes production, and meta-analyses report positive effects on vocabulary learning.
Total productive maintenance
Total productive maintenance (TPM, Japanese: sōgōteki seisan hozan) is a manufacturing maintenance approach proposed by Japan's Institute of Plant Maintenance in 1971, aiming for zero defects, accidents, and breakdowns.
Total quality management
Total quality management (TQM) is a management approach that seeks long-term organizational success through customer satisfaction, engaging all employees in continual improvement of processes and products.
Total Recall (1990 film)
Total Recall is a 1990 American science fiction action film directed by Paul Verhoeven and starring Arnold Schwarzenegger as a construction worker with erased memories of Mars.
Total Recall (2012 film)
Total Recall is a 2012 American science fiction action film directed by Len Wiseman and starring Colin Farrell, Kate Beckinsale, and Jessica Biel, a remake of the 1990 film.
Total recordable incident rate
Total recordable incident rate (TRIR), or total recordable injury rate, is a workplace safety metric expressing OSHA-recordable injuries and illnesses per 200,000 hours worked, about 100 full-time employees a year.
Total reflection X-ray fluorescence
Total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) is an elemental analysis technique in which X-rays strike a sample on a polished carrier below the critical angle, enabling picogram trace-element detection.