All articles starting with Z

Zero-noise extrapolation

Zero-noise extrapolation (ZNE) is a quantum error mitigation technique that estimates the noise-free result of a computation by extrapolating measurements taken at several artificially increased noise levels.

Zero-order hold

The zero-order hold (ZOH) is a signal reconstruction method that holds each sampled value constant until the next sample arrives, producing a staircase waveform; it is the standard model for digital-to-analog converters and digital controllers.

Zero-order reaction

A zero-order reaction is a chemical reaction whose rate is independent of reactant concentration, so rate = k; it typically arises from catalyst or enzyme saturation.

Zero-padding OFDM

Zero-padding OFDM (ZP-OFDM) is a variant of orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing that replaces the cyclic prefix with trailing zeros, guaranteeing symbol recovery regardless of channel zeros.

Zero-point energy

Zero-point energy is the lowest energy a quantum mechanical system can have, above zero because of the uncertainty principle; it underlies vacuum fluctuations and the Casimir effect, and cannot be tapped as a power source.

Zero-sequence current

Zero-sequence current (ground or residual current) is a component of three-phase AC systems where three currents are equal in magnitude and phase, passing through neutral or earth paths.

Zero-shot anomaly detection

Zero-shot anomaly detection (ZSAD) is a machine learning approach that detects and localizes anomalies in a target domain without labeled training examples, exploiting knowledge from pretrained models such as CLIP.

Zero-shot chain-of-thought

Zero-shot chain-of-thought is a prompting method for large language models, introduced by Kojima et al. in 2022, where the phrase "Let's think step by step" elicits reasoning without worked examples.

Zero-shot learning

Zero-shot learning, also called zero-data learning, is a machine learning setting where a model classifies classes with no labeled training examples using auxiliary semantic information.

Zero-shot voice cloning

Zero-shot voice cloning is the synthesis of speech in a voice the model was never trained on, using only a few seconds of reference audio and no per-speaker training.

Zero-strain anode

A zero-strain anode is a battery anode material whose crystal volume changes by less than 1% during lithium insertion and removal; lithium titanate (Li₄Ti₅O₁₂) is the archetype.

Zero-trust network access

Zero-trust network access (ZTNA) is a security approach that grants users and devices access only to specific applications after each request is verified against policy and context.

Oct 22, 2026

Zero-valent germanium and tin complexes

Zero-valent germanium and tin complexes are low-valent group 14 compounds in which Ge or Sn retains all four valence electrons, bound by σ-donating ligands such as NHCs and NHSis.

Zero-valent iron

Zero-valent iron (ZVI) is metallic iron used as a strong reducing agent to remediate contaminants in groundwater, soil, and wastewater, most prominently in permeable reactive barriers.

Zero-velocity update

A zero-velocity update (ZUPT) is a correction technique for foot-mounted pedestrian inertial navigation that injects zero velocity into a Kalman filter to remove accumulated errors.

Zero-voltage switching

Zero-voltage switching (ZVS) is a soft-switching method in power electronics where a switch turns on only after its voltage has fallen to zero, cutting switching losses and electromagnetic interference.

Zero-watermarking

Zero-watermarking is an image copyright-protection technique that embeds no watermark into the host image; it registers a mark built from the image's own robust features, leaving the image unmodified.

Zero-width space

Zero-width space (ZWSP, U+200B) is an invisible, widthless Unicode format character (General Category Cf) marking word break or line break opportunities in scripts without visible word spacing, such as Thai, Khmer, Myanmar, and Japanese.

Zero–one law (first-order logic)

The zero–one law in first-order logic says any fixed first-order sentence holds on a random graph with probability tending to 0 or 1, proved in 1969 and 1976.

ZeroAvia

ZeroAvia is a British-American developer of hydrogen-electric aircraft engines, founded by Val Miftakhov in California in 2018. In 2023 its ZA600 flew a Dornier 228, the largest hydrogen-electric aircraft flown.

Zerobaseone (제로베이스원)

Zerobaseone (제로베이스원, ZB1) is a South Korean boy group under WAKEONE formed on Mnet's Boys Planet, debuting July 2023 with nine members; after the project ended in January 2026 it continues as five members, with consecutive million-selling albums.

Zerobaseone discography

Zerobaseone discography (제로베이스원, ZB1): releases of the Boys Planet-formed K-pop boy group, spanning Korean EPs YOUTH IN THE SHADE through Ascend-, the album NEVER SAY NEVER, and Japanese releases Yura Yura, PREZENT, and Kaiki LOVE.

Zerodha

Zerodha is an Indian discount stockbroker founded in 2010 by brothers Nithin and Nikhil Kamath, charging no brokerage on equity delivery and flat fees on derivatives.

ZeroEyes

ZeroEyes is an American security technology company near Philadelphia, founded in 2018 by Navy SEALs, whose AI flags brandished guns on existing security cameras for verification, mainly in schools.

Zeroing neural network

The zeroing neural network, also known as the Zhang neural network, is a recurrent neural network that solves time-varying problems such as matrix inversion and Sylvester equations.

ZeroOne Automotive (零一汽车)

ZeroOne Automotive (零一汽车) is a Chinese new-energy heavy-truck startup founded in 2022 in Suzhou by ex-TuSimple executive Huang Zehua and Zhang Hongsong, selling the Jingzhe and Xiaoman electric trucks.

Zeros of the Riemann zeta function

The zeros of the Riemann zeta function are the complex values where ζ(s) = 0: trivial zeros at negative even integers and non-trivial zeros in the critical strip.

Zeroth law of thermodynamics

The zeroth law of thermodynamics states that two systems each in thermal equilibrium with a third are in equilibrium with each other, which makes temperature a meaningful, measurable property.

Zeroth-order optimization

Zeroth-order optimization is a family of methods that minimizes a function using only its function values, with no derivative information, applied in adversarial attacks and language model fine-tuning.