All articles A–Z
519,064 articles
Society of United Slavs
The Society of United Slavs (Общество соединённых славян) was a secret revolutionary society of Russian army officers, founded in 1823 to abolish autocracy and serfdom and unite the Slavic peoples.
Society of Wetland Scientists
Society of Wetland Scientists (SWS), international professional society founded 1980 by Richard Macomber; 3,000+ members in 60+ countries; publishes Wetlands journal and Wetland Science & Practice; administers PWS certification.
Society of Women Engineers
The Society of Women Engineers (SWE) is an American nonprofit educational service organization founded in 1950 to support women in engineering through advocacy, scholarships, and professional development.
Socinianism
Socinianism is an early modern anti-Trinitarian Christian movement formed around Faustus Socinus, who settled in Poland in 1579 and led the Polish Brethren, codifying its doctrine in the Racovian Catechism of 1605.
Socio-Economic Panel
The Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP; German: Sozio-oekonomisches Panel) is a German household survey that has interviewed people annually since 1984, tracking income, employment, education, and health.
Sociobiological theories of rape
Sociobiological theories of rape, chiefly Thornhill and Palmer's A Natural History of Rape (2000), explain rape as an evolved adaptation or by-product; contested by feminist and social science critics.
Sociobiology
Sociobiology, defined by E. O. Wilson in Sociobiology: The New Synthesis (1975), is the systematic study of the biological basis of all social behavior; it sparked the sociobiology wars and evolved into behavioral ecology, evolutionary psychology, and dual inheritance theory.
Sociocultural evolution
Sociocultural evolution is the change over time of non-biological aspects of human society. Covers 19th-century unilineal evolutionism (Tylor, Morgan), the Boasian critique, modern cultural evolutionary theory, and gene-culture coevolution.
Sociodrama
Sociodrama is a group action method founded by J. L. Moreno in which the group, not an individual, enacts social situations to solve problems and clarify values.
Socioeconomic Factors
Socioeconomic factors are the social and economic characteristics, including income, education, occupation, and wealth, that position people within a society and shape health, producing a social gradient in illness and avoidable health inequities.
Socioeconomic status
Socioeconomic status, also called social and economic status, is a person's or household's relative position in a social hierarchy, typically measured through education, occupation, and income.
Socioeconomics
Socioeconomics is an interdisciplinary field studying how economic activity interacts with social structures and institutions, suspending the assumption that rational self-interest alone explains economic outcomes.
Sociolect
Sociolect (social dialect): the language variety of a particular social group, defined by class, profession, age, or ethnicity rather than region. Contrasted with idiolect, regiolect, and register; studied quantitatively since Labov's 1966 New York City stratification research.
Sociolinguistic interview
A sociolinguistic interview is a semi-structured, extended conversation between a researcher and a speech community member, designed to record casual everyday speech for the quantitative study of language variation and change.
Sociolinguistics
Sociolinguistics, also called variationist sociolinguistics or language variation and change, studies how language varies with social factors. Founded by William Labov (1927–2024) through the 1963 Martha's Vineyard and 1966 New York City studies.
Sociological imagination
The sociological imagination, coined by C. Wright Mills in The Sociological Imagination (1959), links personal biography to history and social structure, distinguishing personal troubles from public issues; ranked second on the ISA's 1997 books-of-the-century list.
Sociological theory
Sociological theory, or theoretical sociology, is the body of frameworks sociologists use to explain social life, led by structural functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism.
Sociology
Sociology is the social science studying society, social groups, relationships, and institutions, from family to global processes. Also called the study of social behavior; distinguished by its group-level analysis, mixed methods, and founders Comte, Durkheim, and Weber.
Sociology of education
Sociology of education: sociological subfield studying schools, schooling processes, and their ties to society. Key figures Durkheim, Parsons, Bourdieu; theories of functionalism, conflict, cultural capital, and social reproduction.
Sociology of health & illness
Sociology of health and illness: sociological subdiscipline studying the social causes and experience of health, illness, and medicine, descended from Parsons' medical sociology; also its flagship journal, founded 1979, owned by the Foundation for the Sociology of Health & Illness.
Sociology of religion
Sociology of religion: the empirical social-scientific study of religion in its social context, founded by Durkheim, Weber, and Marx; central debates cover secularization theory, religious market and rational choice models, and insecurity theory.
Sociology of the family
Sociology of the family: sociological study of the family as a social institution, using functionalist, conflict, symbolic interactionist, and feminist perspectives; covers Parsons, Goode, industrialization, and family diversity.
Sociometry
Sociometry is a quantitative research method measuring acceptance and rejection between individuals in a group, introduced by J. L. Moreno in his 1934 book Who Shall Survive?
Socionext
Socionext (株式会社ソシオネクスト) is a Japanese fabless semiconductor company headquartered in Yokohama that designs custom SoCs, formed in 2015 by combining the system LSI businesses of Fujitsu and Panasonic.
Sock
Sock: a knitted or woven foot covering, a type of hosiery. Known from Ötzi's grass shoe lining, Egyptian nålebinding socks, William Lee's 1589 stocking frame, nylon in 1938, and modern moisture-managing synthetic blends.
Sock monkey
Sock monkey: American folk toy doll sewn from socks, classically the gray Rockford Red Heel work socks of Nelson Knitting (red heel added 1932), popularized in the Great Depression, patented by Nelson in 1955, now linked to Rockford, Illinois.
Socket A
Socket A, also called Socket 462, is AMD's CPU socket introduced in June 2000 for the Athlon and Duron, later carrying the Athlon XP and Sempron.
Socket AM3
Socket AM3 is a CPU socket introduced by AMD in February 2009 for its 45 nm Phenom II desktop processors, supporting both DDR2 and DDR3 memory.
Socket AM3+
Socket AM3+, also designated Socket AM3b, is AMD's zero insertion force desktop processor socket for FX-series CPUs, replacing Socket AM3 and launching with the FX-8150 in October 2011.
Socket AM4
Socket AM4, also known as AMD AM4, is a CPU socket introduced by AMD in 2016 for mainstream desktop Ryzen processors, known for its exceptional longevity as AMD's entry-level platform well past its successor Socket AM5.