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Sovereign state
Sovereign state: a political entity exercising complete sovereignty over internal and external affairs. Defined by the 1933 Montevideo criteria, declaratory versus constitutive recognition theories, and contested cases like Taiwan, Kosovo, and Palestine.
Sovereign State of Panama
The Sovereign State of Panama (Estado Soberano de Panamá) was a federal state in Colombia, created in 1855 through Justo Arosemena's project and ended in 1886.
Sovereign State of the Bektashi Order
Sovereign State of the Bektashi Order (Shteti Sovran i Urdhrit Bektashi), a proposed Vatican-like microstate enclaved in Tirana at the Bektashi World Headquarters, announced by Edi Rama in September 2024, led by Baba Mondi, not yet established.
Sovereign wealth fund
A sovereign wealth fund (SWF), also called a social wealth fund, is a government-owned investment fund created for macroeconomic purposes that invests largely in foreign financial assets.
Sovereign's court (Gosudarev dvor)
The Sovereign's court (Gosudarev dvor) was the upper service elite of the Russian state from the fifteenth to the seventeenth century, filling senior army, administrative, and diplomatic posts.
Sovereign's Orb
The Sovereign's Orb is a hollow golden globe surmounted by a cross, made in 1661 for Charles II's coronation and kept with the Crown Jewels at the Tower of London.
Sovereign's Sceptre with Cross
The Sovereign's Sceptre with Cross is a gold coronation sceptre made in 1661 for Charles II, used at every coronation since and kept at the Tower of London.
Sovereignty
Sovereignty is supreme authority within a territory, also called state or Westphalian sovereignty. Defined by Bodin (1576), consolidated at Westphalia (1648), now circumscribed by human rights law and extended to digital and Indigenous contexts.
Sovereignty (horse)
Sovereignty (foaled 22 Feb 2022), Godolphin's Into Mischief colt trained by Bill Mott, won the 2025 Kentucky Derby and Belmont Stakes plus the Travers, was named 2025 Horse of the Year, and won the 2026 Whitney Stakes.
Sovereignty and recognition in colonial and decolonizing international law
Sovereignty and recognition in colonial and decolonizing international law is a historical critique arguing that sovereignty doctrine was forged in the colonial confrontation between European and non-European worlds.
Sovetakan Grakanutyun
Sovetakan Grakanutyun (Սովետական գրականություն, "Soviet Literature") was an Armenian-language literary journal published in Yerevan from 1934 as the organ of the Writers' Union of Armenia.
Sovetish Heymland
Sovetish Heymland was a Yiddish-language literary journal published in Moscow by the Soviet Writers' Union from 1961 to 1991, the only Jewish magazine in the postwar USSR.
Sovetsky Soyuz-class battleship
The Sovetsky Soyuz class (Советский Союз, Soviet Union) was a class of Soviet battleships of the late 1930s, of which four were laid down and none completed.
Soviet (сове́т) (council)
Soviet (сове́т, "council"): an elected council of workers, soldiers, or peasants, first formed in the 1905 Russian revolution; basis of Bolshevik power in 1917, inspiration of council communism (Pannekoek, Gorter, Korsch), and later a subordinate electoral institution of the USSR.
Soviet adventure novel
The Soviet adventure novel (приключенческий роман) is popular fiction produced in the Soviet Union from the early 1920s, blending fast adventure plots with revolutionary ideology.
Soviet Air Defence Forces
The Soviet Air Defence Forces, or Voyska PVO, were a separate armed service defending the USSR against air attack from 1948 until merging into the Russian Air Force in 1998.
Soviet Air Forces (Военно-воздушные силы СССР)
The Soviet Air Forces (VVS, Военно-воздушные силы СССР) were the USSR's air arm from 1918 to 1991, organized into 18 air armies with over 15,000 aircraft in 1945, about 10,000 fixed-wing aircraft plus 4,000 helicopters in 1985, and dissolving into successor states' air forces after 1991.
Soviet Air Forces in the Korean War
The Soviet Air Forces in the Korean War was the covert deployment of Soviet MiG-15 fighters against United Nations air forces from November 1950 to July 1953.
Soviet aircraft carrier Ulyanovsk
Ulyanovsk (Ульяновск) was to have been the Soviet Navy's first true aircraft carrier, laid down in 1988 and scrapped at 20 percent complete in 1992.
Soviet and Russian locomotive classification
Soviet and Russian locomotive classification is a Cyrillic letter-and-digit system in which a locomotive's designation encodes its traction type, transmission, duty, and builder, applied across the whole USSR.
Soviet and Russian sounding rockets
Soviet and Russian sounding rockets are suborbital research vehicles, from R-1 flights with dogs in 1950-1951 to the Vertikal program and thousands of meteorological rocket launches.
Soviet annexation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
The Soviet annexation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina (Присоединение Бессарабии и Северной Буковины к СССР) transferred two Romanian provinces to the USSR in June and July 1940.
Soviet annexation of East Prussia
The Soviet annexation of East Prussia incorporated the province's northern third, including Königsberg, into the Soviet Union after 1945; the southern two thirds passed to Poland.
Soviet annexation of the Baltic states
The Soviet annexation of the Baltic states (Присоединение Прибалтики к СССР) was the 1940 incorporation of independent Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania into the Soviet Union through ultimatums, Red Army entry, and manipulated elections.
Soviet annexation of Western Ukraine and Western Belarus
The Soviet annexation of Western Ukraine and Western Belarus was the 1939 incorporation of eastern Polish provinces into the Ukrainian and Belorussian Soviet republics after staged elections.
Soviet anti-religious campaigns in Armenia and Georgia
The Soviet anti-religious campaigns in Armenia and Georgia, beginning with Sovietization in 1920 and Georgia's annexation in 1921, confiscated church property, closed places of worship, and persecuted clergy of all faiths through the late 1930s.
Soviet architectural modernism
Soviet architectural modernism (Soviet modernism, 1955–1991): the modernist current in late Soviet architecture launched by the 4 November 1955 anti-excess decree, known for prefabricated mass housing, republic-level regional variants, and contested post-Soviet heritage.
Soviet Armed Forces
Soviet Armed Forces (Вооружённые Силы СССР), the USSR's military from the 1918 Red Army founding to 1991; five services including Strategic Rocket Forces; fought in Afghanistan 1979–1989; dissolved with the USSR in 1991.
Soviet Army (Советская армия)
Soviet Army (Советская армия): land forces of the USSR, 1946-1991, renamed from the Red Army in 1946. Organized in 16 military districts, conscript-based, core of Warsaw Pact strength against NATO; invaded Afghanistan in 1979.
Soviet atomic bomb project
The Soviet atomic bomb project, also called the Soviet nuclear program, was the secret USSR effort to develop nuclear weapons, led by Igor Kurchatov and Lavrentiy Beria.