All articles A–Z
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Spore
Spore: single reproductive or survival cell of fungi, plants, algae, and Bacillales/Clostridiales bacteria; disperses in space and time, resists heat and drought via trehalose, DPA, and SASPs, and germinates through germinant receptors.
Spore (2008 video game)
Spore (2008), Maxis/EA god game by Will Wright, evolving a creature through Cell, Creature, Tribe, Civilization, and Space stages; Metacritic 84 but Amazon rating under 1.5 stars over SecuROM DRM.
Spore and pollen abnormalities as ecological stress indicators
Malformed fossil spores and pollen grains, formed when meiosis or tetrad-stage grain separation is disrupted, permanently record environmental stress in land plants, peaking at mass extinctions.
Spore dispersal in ferns
Spore dispersal in ferns is how haploid spores travel from the parent plant to new sites, ejected by a sporangium cavitation catapult at about 10 meters per second.
Spore dormancy and germination in ferns
Spore dormancy and germination in ferns describe how released spores persist, sometimes over 50 years, until light, temperature, and moisture allow germination into a gametophyte.
Spore prints and chemical spot tests
Spore prints and chemical spot tests are bench techniques mushroom identifiers use to record spore color and test tissue chemistry with reagents like KOH and Melzer's, separating lookalike species.
Spores, elaters and dispersal cells of bryophytes
Spores, elaters and dispersal cells of bryophytes are the microscopic propagules and sterile helper cells through which mosses, liverworts, and hornworts reach new sites, mostly by wind.
Spork
Spork: hybrid eating utensil, also called runcible spoon, combining a spoon bowl with short fork tines. Patented by Samuel W. Francis in 1874; word dates to 1909; trademarked by Van Brode Milling (1970). Distinct from the SPORK Java merge tool and FPGA scheduler.
Sporobolus
Sporobolus (dropseed) is a cosmopolitan genus of about 225 C4 grasses in Poaceae, Chloridoideae, defined by one-flowered awnless spikelets and seed-ejecting pericarps; includes turf, forage, and invasive weed species.
Sporobolus cryptandrus
Sporobolus cryptandrus (sand dropseed), a warm-season perennial C4 bunchgrass of Poaceae native from Canada to northern Mexico; drought resistant, fair livestock forage, used for erosion control, and an invasive transformer species in Eurasian sand grasslands.
Sporobolus diandrus
Sporobolus diandrus (Indian dropseed, 双蕊鼠尾粟), a tufted Poaceae grass native from Socotra and Arabia to tropical Asia, naturalized in the southern US and Pacific; two-stamened, a fodder grass and serious weed in India.
Sporobolus wrightii
Sporobolus wrightii (big sacaton, giant sacaton) is a tall perennial bunchgrass of Poaceae native to the southwestern U.S. and Mexico, tolerant of alkaline, saline, and flooded soils; its floodplain grasslands now cover about 5 percent of their original range.
Sporocarp (ferns)
A sporocarp is a hardened, nut-like reproductive body of aquatic ferns such as Marsilea and Azolla, enclosing spores and able to germinate after 100 years of dormancy.
Sporocyst (trematode)
Sporocyst (trematode): sac-like asexual larval stage of digenetic flukes inside the snail host, developing from the miracidium, mouthless, absorbing nutrients through its tegument, and producing daughter sporocysts, rediae, or cercariae.
Sporophila
Sporophila, the seedeaters, a Thraupidae genus of small Neotropical granivorous birds (about 38 species) with thick bills and dimorphic plumage; includes the rapidly radiated capuchinos and absorbed Oryzoborus and Dolospingus.
Sporosarcina
Sporosarcina is a genus of endospore-forming, Gram-positive bacteria within the Caryophanaceae family. It is known for S. pasteurii, a model organism used in MICP biocementation for soil improvement.
Sporothrix
Sporothrix, dimorphic Ascomycete fungi causing sporotrichosis (rose gardener's disease); S. schenckii complex species; S. brasiliensis spreads zoonotically via cats; itraconazole first-line.
Sporotrichosis
Sporotrichosis, or rose gardener's disease, is a subcutaneous fungal infection caused by Sporothrix species, acquired from plant material or infected cats; treated chiefly with itraconazole, and a WHO neglected tropical disease.
Sporran
Sporran (Gaelic sporan, purse): pouch worn in front of the kilt in Scottish Highland dress, replacing the kilt's absent pockets. Types are day (leather), semi-dress, and dress (fur, metal cantle); horsehair forms are military.
Sport
Sport: competitive, rule-governed physical activity, from ancient Olympia and ulama to the modern Olympics. Covers definitions, health evidence, performance science, and a global industry with $78 billion media rights projected by 2030.
Sport Alliance
Sport Alliance GmbH is a Hamburg-based software company founded in 2011 by Daniel Hanelt, known for the Magicline gym-management software used by fitness studios and chains.
Sport bike
A sport bike, also written sportbike, is a motorcycle styled like a road racer, with streamlined bodywork and a forward-leaning position, built for handling, acceleration, braking, and cornering.
Sport climbing
Sport climbing: roped climbing on permanently bolted routes, and the Olympic discipline set of lead, bouldering, and speed governed by the IFSC/World Climbing; debuted at Tokyo 2020, permanent at LA28.
Sport climbing at the 2020 Summer Olympics
Sport climbing at the 2020 Summer Olympics: Olympic debut, 3–6 August 2021, Aomi Urban Sports Park, Tokyo. 40 climbers, combined speed, boulder, and lead event; Ginés and Garnbret won gold.
Sport climbing at the World Games
Sport climbing at the World Games: IFSC climbing on the IWGA multi-sport program since Duisburg 2005 (Lead, Speed, later Boulder); Chengdu 2025 was Speed-only with new Speed 4 and Relay events, and Karlsruhe 2029 adds Para Climbing.
Sport Club Corinthians Paulista
Sport Club Corinthians Paulista (SCCP), Brazilian multisport club founded 1 September 1910 in São Paulo's Bom Retiro; two world titles, 2012 Libertadores, seven Brasileirão, 31 Paulista; plays at Neo Química Arena.
Sport Club do Recife
Sport Club do Recife (Sport, SCR), Brazilian football club founded 13 May 1905 by Guilherme de Aquino Fonseca; first team in Pernambuco, 1987 Brazilian champion, 2008 Copa do Brasil winner, plays at Ilha do Retiro.
Sport de Surf
Sport de Surf, also known as Meio da Baía, is a mapped surf sports field in Ferrel, Peniche, Portugal (39.36143 N, 9.35626 W), a 2.5 km sandy beach break working best on N/NW swells with south winds, October to May.
Sport Education model
The Sport Education model is a curriculum and instructional model for school physical education, developed by Daryl Siedentop, that organizes classes into extended sport seasons with persistent teams.
Sport governance
Sport governance is the system of private, mostly non-governmental organizations, led by the IOC and international federations, that write binding rules, impose sanctions, and resolve disputes in competitive sport.