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Stand-your-ground law
Stand-your-ground law: US self-defense statute removing the duty to retreat outside the home, distinct from castle doctrine. Utah 1994 first; Florida 2005 model via ALEC; 35 states by 2025; associated with 8-11% firearm homicide increases.
Standalone 5G
Standalone 5G (5G SA) is a mobile network architecture in which 5G radio operates over a dedicated 5G core, enabling network slicing and lower latency.
Standard 52-card deck
Standard 52-card deck, French-suited playing-card deck with spades, hearts, diamonds, clubs; 13 ranks per suit, 12 face cards, two jokers extra; French suit signs c. 1470, spread via Rouen, England, and Whist, Bridge, Poker; 7 riffle shuffles to mix.
Standard addition
Standard addition, also known as the standard addition method (SAM), is a calibration technique in quantitative chemical analysis in which known amounts of the analyte are added to the sample itself.
Standard American
Standard American is the classic North American contract bridge bidding system: five-card majors, a strong 15-17 HCP 1NT, weak twos, artificial 2♣ (22+), SAYC as pickup default, now largely replaced by 2/1 Game Force.
Standard Arabic phonology
Standard Arabic phonology describes the sound system of Modern Standard Arabic: 28 consonants including four emphatics, six vowels, CV-based syllables, right-edge trochaic stress, and dialect-influenced realizations of ḍād and ǧīm.
Standard atmosphere (unit)
The standard atmosphere (atm) is a unit of pressure defined as exactly 101,325 pascals, adopted in 1954 and roughly the average air pressure at sea level on Earth.
Standard atomic weight
The standard atomic weight is the IUPAC-recommended atomic weight of a chemical element, applicable with high confidence to any normal sample and revised about once every two decades.
Standard Average European
Standard Average European (SAE) is a proposed European Sprachbund of Romance, Germanic, Balto-Slavic, and Balkan languages sharing rare grammatical features, a term coined by Whorf in 1939 and formalized by Haspelmath.
Standard Bank
Standard Bank is a South African banking and financial services group headquartered in Johannesburg, Africa's largest by assets, founded in 1862 and operating in 20 countries with about 19.6 million clients.
Standard Basque
Standard Basque (Euskara Batua, Unified Basque) is the standardized variety of Basque adopted by Euskaltzaindia at Arantzazu in October 1968, based on central Gipuzkoan-Navarrese dialects with the Classical Lapurdian literary tradition, codified by Koldo Mitxelena and spread through schools and media after 1975.
Standard Bearer of Tula
The Standard Bearer of Tula (Spanish: portaestandarte) is a stone sculpture holding a banner, made at the Toltec capital of Tula, Mexico, around 900 to 1000 CE.
Standard Borel space
A standard Borel space, also called a standard measurable space, is a measurable space isomorphic to a Borel subset of a separable complete metric space, central to probability theory.
Standard Building Code
The Standard Building Code was a model building code published by SBCCI of Birmingham, Alabama, and used across the southeastern United States until it was replaced by the International Building Code in 2000.
Standard candle
A standard candle is an astronomical object whose known intrinsic luminosity, compared with its apparent brightness, yields its distance; examples include Cepheids and Type Ia supernovae.
Standard Carrier Alpha Code
The Standard Carrier Alpha Code (SCAC) is a unique two-to-four-letter code identifying transportation companies, issued by the National Motor Freight Traffic Association and required in US Customs filings.
Standard Chartered
Standard Chartered, also known as Standard Chartered Bank, is a British multinational bank headquartered in London, with about 90% of income from Asia, Africa, and the Middle East.
Standard Chinese
Standard Chinese (现代标准汉语), called Putonghua in mainland China, Guoyu in Taiwan, and Huayu in Singapore and Malaysia, is the standardized form of Chinese based on Beijing pronunciation, northern Mandarin vocabulary, and exemplary modern vernacular grammar, legally the national common language of China.
Standard Chinese phonology
Standard Chinese phonology: the sound system of Putonghua/Guoyu, based on Beijing pronunciation. 19 consonants, 5 vowels, 21 initials, 39 finals, ~400 syllables, four tones plus neutral tone, and third-tone sandhi.
Standard Cognition
Standard Cognition, doing business as Standard AI, is a San Francisco computer-vision company founded in 2017 that sells retailers autonomous checkout and shopper-behavior insights, raising $238 million.
Standard conjectures on algebraic cycles
The standard conjectures on algebraic cycles are open conjectures in algebraic geometry, formulated by Alexander Grothendieck in the mid 1960s and motivated by the Weil conjectures.
Standard Contractual Clauses
Standard Contractual Clauses (SCCs) are pre-approved model clauses adopted by the European Commission that let companies transfer personal data outside the EEA without separate regulatory approval.
Standard cost accounting
Standard cost accounting is the practice of recording expected costs in place of actual costs, then recording variances to show differences, supporting cost control and management by exception.
Standard cubic feet per minute
Standard cubic feet per minute (SCFM) is a unit of gas volumetric flow rate corrected to standard temperature and pressure conditions, so flows measured at different sites can be compared.
Standard deviation
The standard deviation, named by Karl Pearson in 1893, is a statistical measure of how widely values are dispersed from their mean, calculated as the square root of the variance.
Standard drink
A standard drink (alcohol unit) is a nationally defined fixed amount of pure alcohol used in drinking guidelines and surveys: US 14 g (0.6 fl oz), Canada 13.45 g, Australia 10 g, UK 8 g, WHO 10 g.
Standard electrode potential
The standard electrode potential, or reversible potential, measures a half-reaction's tendency to occur as a reduction on a scale whose zero point is the standard hydrogen electrode.
Standard English
Standard English: the formal, codified variety of English taught in schools and uniform in writing worldwide, with no single ancestor dialect. Covers Haugen's standardization steps, standard language ideology, education policy, and American English bias in LLMs.
Standard enthalpy of formation
The standard enthalpy of formation, also called the heat of formation, is the enthalpy change when one mole of a substance forms from its elements under standard conditions.
Standard error
The standard error, also called the standard error of estimation, is the standard deviation of a statistic's sampling distribution over repeated samples from a population.