All articles A–Z

Sulfadicramide

Sulfadicramide (Irgamid, sulfirgamide; INN sulfadicramidum) is a sulfanilamide sulfonamide anti-infective, CAS 115-68-4, C11H14N2O3S, ATC S01AB03, used as a 15% ophthalmic ointment in some countries.

Sulfadimethoxine

Sulfadimethoxine is a long-acting sulfonamide antibiotic introduced for human use in 1959 as Madribon, withdrawn in the United States in 1966, and now used mainly in veterinary medicine.

Sulfadoxine is a long-acting sulfonamide antibacterial and antimalarial drug, synthesized in 1962 by Hoffmann-La Roche and used almost exclusively with pyrimethamine (Fansidar) for malaria chemoprevention in Africa.

Sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine

Sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine, sold as Fansidar, is a fixed-dose combination of the antimalarials sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine, approved in 1981 and now used mainly to prevent malaria in pregnant women and children.

Sulfaguanidine

Sulfaguanidine (Sulgin, CAS 57-67-0) is a poorly absorbed sulfonamide intestinal antiinfective (ATC A07AB03, DDD 4 g oral) introduced in 1941 for bacillary dysentery, now mostly veterinary, DHPS/PABA-antifolate mechanism.

Sulfalene

Sulfalene (sulfamethopyrazine, Kelfizine) is a long-acting sulfonamide antibiotic (ATC J01ED02, half-life about 65 h) used for respiratory and urinary infections and, with pyrimethamine as Metakelfin, for falciparum malaria, mainly in the Indian subcontinent.

Sulfamate ester

A sulfamate ester is an organic compound bearing the R–O–SO₂–NR group, an ester of sulfamic acid, best known as the pharmacophore of steroid sulfatase inhibitors for hormone-dependent cancers.

Sulfamerazine

Sulfamerazine is a sulfonamide antibacterial drug, the monomethyl derivative of sulfadiazine, introduced in 1942 and no longer used in human medicine while retaining limited veterinary uses.

Sulfameter

Sulfameter (sulfamethoxydiazine, sulfametoxydiazine, brand Sulla) is a long-acting sulfonamide antibiotic, ATC J01ED04, DDD 0.5 g oral, formerly used for urinary tract infections and leprosy; first approved 1966, now discontinued.

Sulfamethazine

Sulfamethazine, also called sulfadimidine, is a sulfonamide antibacterial drug used to treat bacterial disease in cattle, swine, chickens, and turkeys, and historically to promote growth in food-producing animals.

Sulfamethizole

Sulfamethizole (Thiosulfil, Urolucosil) is a short-acting sulfonamide antibiotic, CAS 144-82-1, that inhibits bacterial dihydropteroate synthase and was used mainly for urinary tract infections; no longer marketed in the US.

Sulfamethoxazole

Sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide antibiotic (Bactrim with trimethoprim, co-trimoxazole), inhibits DHPS in bacterial folate synthesis; used for Pneumocystis pneumonia, shigellosis, and urinary tract infections.

Sulfamethoxypyridazine

Sulfamethoxypyridazine (Lederkyn, Kynex, Midicel) is a long-acting sulfanilamide sulfonamide antibiotic, N1-(6-methoxy-3-pyridazinyl)sulfanilamide, introduced 1956-1957, half-life 37 h, dihydropteroate synthetase inhibitor, now largely withdrawn.

Sulfamic acid

Sulfamic acid, also called amidosulfonic acid, is a white crystalline inorganic acid (H3NO3S) whose main industrial use is removing mineral scale from boilers and heat exchangers.

Sulfanilamide

Sulfanilamide is a synthetic sulfonamide antibacterial drug identified in 1935 as the active agent behind the dye Prontosil, and its 1937 toxic elixir formulation killed over 100 people.

Sulfanilic acid

Sulfanilic acid (4-aminobenzene-1-sulfonic acid) is an aromatic amine with the formula C6H7NO3S, a white crystalline solid used chiefly to make azo dyes and as a nitrite reagent.

Sulfaphenazole

Sulfaphenazole (Orisul, Sulfabid), CAS 526-08-9, is a long-acting sulfonamide antibiotic, now mainly a selective competitive inhibitor of CYP2C9 (Ki 0.3 µM) used to map CYP2C9 drug metabolism.

Sulfasalazine

Sulfasalazine, also spelled sulphasalazine and sold as Azulfidine, is a DMARD drug used for rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis, and Crohn's disease, first synthesized in Sweden in the late 1930s.

Sulfatase enzyme

Sulfatase enzyme (EC 3.1.6.-), also arylsulfatase: sulfate ester hydrolases using a formylglycine catalytic residue made by FGE/SUMF1; four families S1-S4; deficiency causes multiple sulfatase deficiency and other metabolic diseases.

Sulfate

Sulfate, also written sulfate, is the divalent anion SO₄²⁻, a tetrahedral ion formed when sulfuric acid loses both acidic protons, abundant in seawater and found in minerals like gypsum.

Sulfate adenylyltransferase

Sulfate adenylyltransferase, also called ATP sulfurylase (EC 2.7.7.4), catalyzes ATP-dependent activation of sulfate to adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (APS), the first step of sulfate assimilation and PAPS biosynthesis in bacteria, plants, fungi, and animals.

Sulfate compounds: solubility and thermodynamic reference data

Sulfate reference data tabulate how much each metal sulfate dissolves in water at a given temperature, plus solubility products and standard thermodynamic functions of sulfate salts.

Sulfate mineral

A sulfate mineral is a mineral whose dominant anion is the sulfate ion, SO4. More than 100 species are known, but gypsum and anhydrite are the only rock-forming sulfates.

Sulfate radical

The sulfate radical (SO₄•⁻) is a strong one-electron oxidant produced by activating persulfate or peroxymonosulfate, used in advanced oxidation processes to degrade organic contaminants in water and soil.

Sulfate reduction

Sulfate reduction: microbial conversion of sulfate to sulfide. Dissimilatory sulfate reduction (sulfate respiration) by sulfate-reducing bacteria and archaea, e.g. Desulfovibrio, uses sulfate as terminal electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration, driving sulfur and carbon cycling and wastewater bioremediation.

Sulfate-methane transition zone

Sulfate-methane transition zone (SMTZ), also called sulfate-methane transition: sediment horizon where downward sulfate and upward methane overlap and are consumed by ANME-SRB anaerobic oxidation of methane, typically 1–30 mbsf, filtering marine methane emissions.