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Surface integral
A surface integral is an integral taken over a two-dimensional surface in space, of a scalar function or a vector field, measuring how much field passes through, called flux.
Surface irrigation
Surface irrigation is an agricultural method that distributes water over a field by gravity flow through furrows, borders, or basins, used as early as 6000 years ago in Mesopotamia.
Surface Laptop (7th generation)
The Surface Laptop (7th generation), also known as the Surface Laptop 7th Edition, is a touchscreen laptop released by Microsoft in 2024 in 13.8-inch and 15-inch sizes.
Surface Laptop Studio 2
The Surface Laptop Studio 2 is Microsoft's convertible touchscreen laptop, released in October 2023 with a sliding hinged display and upgraded Intel and NVIDIA hardware.
Surface layer protein, bacterial Ig-like domain
Bacterial Ig-like domain (Pfam PF02368, Bac-Ig-like): immunoglobulin-like beta-sandwich module repeated in bacterial S-layer protein assembly regions, e.g. six domains in SbsB, Ca2+-stabilized lattice formation.
Surface lift
A surface lift, or ski tow, is a ski lift that pulls skiers uphill while they stay on the snow, using a bar, platter, or rope.
Surface mass ejection
A surface mass ejection is an episodic event in which a star expels part of its visible surface, a phenomenon first identified on the red supergiant Betelgeuse.
Surface mining
Surface mining extracts ore or coal at or close to the earth's surface by removing the overlying soil and rock, in contrast to underground mining through shafts and tunnels.
Surface passivation of perovskite solar cells
Surface passivation of perovskite solar cells is the treatment of the perovskite layer's surface to neutralize charge-trapping defects, driving efficiencies from 3.8% in 2009 past 26%.
Surface phonon
A surface phonon is a quantized vibration of a crystal concentrated at its surface rather than in the bulk, first measured directly in 1980s helium scattering experiments.
Surface photometry
Surface photometry is the measurement of how a celestial object's light is distributed across its image as surface brightness, the standard way to characterize galaxy structure.
Surface plasmon polariton
A surface plasmon polariton is a quasiparticle combining a photon and a surface plasmon that propagates along a metal-dielectric interface, used in biosensing and nanoscale optics.
Surface plasmon resonance
Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is an optical technique in which light couples to electron oscillations at a thin metal film, used in biosensors to measure biomolecular binding without labels.
Surface plasmon resonance imaging
Surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRI) is a label-free optical technique, introduced in 1988, that images molecular binding on gold sensor arrays, tracking hundreds of interactions in parallel.
Surface plasmon resonance microscopy
Surface plasmon resonance microscopy (SPRM) is a label-free optical imaging technique that maps refractive index changes near a thin metal film to track molecular binding.
Surface Pro
The Surface Pro, also called the Microsoft Surface Pro, is a line of 2-in-1 Windows tablets made by Microsoft since 2013, known for its integrated kickstand and detachable keyboard.
Surface Pro (11th generation)
The Surface Pro (11th generation), sold as Surface Pro, 11th Edition, is a 2-in-1 Windows tablet PC released in June 2024 as a launch Copilot+ PC.
Surface Pro (2017)
The Surface Pro (2017), also known as the Surface Pro 5, is a 2-in-1 detachable tablet computer released by Microsoft on June 15, 2017, starting at $799.99.
Surface Pro 10
The Surface Pro 10 is a 13-inch 2-in-1 Windows tablet sold by Microsoft to businesses from 2024, its first Surface Pro with an Intel Core Ultra processor and a Copilot key.
Surface Pro 3
The Surface Pro 3 is a 12-inch 2-in-1 tablet computer developed by Microsoft, announced in May 2014 and marketed as the tablet that can replace your laptop.
Surface Pro 4
The Surface Pro 4 is a 2-in-1 tablet computer developed by Microsoft and released on October 26, 2015, starting at $899, running Windows 10 Pro with a 12.3-inch touch display.
Surface Properties
Surface properties: characteristics of the outer boundaries of objects and molecules, including surface energy, composition, structure, electronic states, and reactivity; studied by SPM, XPS, LEED; central to catalysis, microelectronics, and biomaterials.
Surface reading
Surface reading is a method of literary criticism that interprets texts by attending to what is directly stated and materially present, rather than seeking hidden meanings beneath the surface.
Surface reconstruction
Surface reconstruction is the rearrangement of atoms in a crystal's outermost layers into a new periodic pattern that reduces dangling bonds, famously the Si(111)-(7 × 7) structure.
Surface reconstruction of sulfide and phosphide precatalysts into oxyhydroxides during OER
Surface reconstruction of sulfide and phosphide precatalysts is the potential-driven conversion of transition-metal sulfides and phosphides into metal oxyhydroxides, the true active species for alkaline oxygen evolution.
Surface rendering
Surface rendering is a volume visualization technique that converts 3D scalar data into an image by extracting a polygonal isosurface and shading it, typically with marching cubes.
Surface rocksalt reconstruction in Ni-rich cathodes
Surface rocksalt reconstruction is the degradation of Ni-rich layered lithium-ion cathode surfaces, which transform from layered to spinel to inert rock-salt phases, accelerated by high nickel content, state of charge, and temperature.
Surface roughness
Surface roughness is the measure of fine, short-wavelength deviations of a surface from its ideal form, quantified by standardized parameters such as Ra and measured by stylus or optical methods.
Surface RT
Surface RT was Microsoft's first self-designed tablet computer, released on October 26, 2012 at $499, running Windows RT on Arm; sales disappointed, prompting a $900 million write-down in 2013.
Surface runoff
Surface runoff, also known as overland flow or stormwater runoff, is the portion of precipitation, snowmelt, or irrigation water that flows overland toward streams, rivers, drains, or sewers.