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Alcohol and sex
Alcohol and sex: the relationship between drinking and sexual behavior, arousal, condom use, and sexual assault. Key findings: alcohol causally raises unprotected-sex intentions (d+ 0.24-0.35), but event-level condom use effects are context-dependent.
Alcohol by volume
Alcohol by volume (ABV), also called alcoholic strength, is a standard measure of the alcohol in a beverage: liters of ethanol per 100 liters, measured at 20 °C.
Alcohol dehydrogenase
Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH, EC 1.1.1.1), also called ethanol dehydrogenase, is a zinc-containing NAD+-dependent oxidoreductase converting alcohols to aldehydes or ketones; in humans it performs rate-limiting hepatic ethanol oxidation, and engineered ADHs serve as stereoselective biocatalysts.
Alcohol dehydrogenase, zinc-binding type 2
Alcohol dehydrogenase, zinc-binding type 2 (class II ADH, ADH2, pi subunit) is a zinc-containing, NAD-dependent, dimeric liver enzyme of the MDR superfamily that metabolizes ethanol with intermediate alcohol affinity.
Alcohol deoxygenation
Alcohol deoxygenation is the chemical replacement of a hydroxyl group with hydrogen at a saturated carbon, converting R–OH into R–H, most often by the Barton–McCombie reaction.
Alcohol dependence
Alcohol dependence, also called alcoholism, is the DSM-IV and ICD-11 diagnosis of maladaptive drinking with tolerance and withdrawal; DSM-5-TR subsumes it into moderate or severe alcohol use disorder.
Alcohol enema
Alcohol enema, also called butt chugging or boofing, is rectal administration of alcohol for rapid intoxication. Documented from ancient Maya ritual enemas to modern case reports of proctocolitis and fatal alcohol poisoning.
Alcohol flush reaction
Alcohol flush reaction, or Asian flush, is inherited alcohol intolerance from ALDH2*2 and ADH1B variants causing acetaldehyde buildup, facial flushing, tachycardia, and elevated esophageal cancer risk, mainly in East Asians.
Alcohol fuel
Alcohol fuel, also known as alcohol as a fuel, is liquid alcohol, principally ethanol and to a lesser extent methanol, burned in internal combustion engines either neat or blended with gasoline.
Alcohol Hydrogen Technology (Chunqing Technology)
Chunqing Technology, also called Alcohol Hydrogen Technology (醇氢科技), is a Chinese company founded in 2022 under Geely's Farizon group that makes methanol-hydrogen electric commercial vehicles in Hangzhou.
Alcohol in Indonesia
Alcohol in Indonesia (minuman beralkohol, miras) covers drinking culture and regulation in Muslim-majority Indonesia: 0.10 litres per capita, 88% abstainers, Aceh sharia caning, bootleg methanol deaths, Arak Bali.
Alcohol in Saudi Arabia
Alcohol in Saudi Arabia: total prohibition since the early 1950s under Sharia-based law, per capita consumption of 0.2 litres, and a single Riyadh store opened in 2024 for non-Muslim diplomats, later Premium Residency holders.
Alcohol in the Bible
Alcohol in the Bible: wine (yayin) and strong drink (shekar) in Hebrew scripture and the New Testament; celebrated in ritual, condemned in drunkenness, prohibited only for priests, Nazirites, and kings.
Alcohol inhalation
Alcohol inhalation: breathing ethanol vapor or mist via devices like AWOL nebulizers instead of drinking; ~55% respiratory absorption, low blood alcohol (max 0.011% in trials), recreational use rare, medical uses in pulmonary edema.
Alcohol intoxication
Alcohol intoxication, or drunkenness and alcohol poisoning, is CNS depression from ethanol accumulating faster than the liver clears it; GABA-A potentiation, NMDA inhibition, zero-order elimination, BAC 0.08% binge threshold, coma risk above 50 mM.
Alcohol law
Alcohol law: legislation and regulation of alcoholic beverages (also alcohol policy, alcohol control). Covers licensing, purchase ages, taxation, drink-driving limits, advertising restrictions; history from temperance to US Prohibition (1920-1933) and WHO SAFER framework.
Alcohol laws in Germany
Alcohol laws in Germany (Alkoholgesetzgebung): JuSchG minimum ages (16 for beer and wine, 18 for spirits), GastG licensing and sales bans, advertising limits under MStV and JMStV, alcohol taxation, and public health context.
Alcohol laws of Australia
Alcohol laws of Australia: the national and state/territory rules on alcohol. Key facts: drinking age 18, BAC limit 0.05, eight separate liquor licensing regimes, dual federal tax (excise plus 29% WET), harm minimisation framework.
Alcohol laws of India
Alcohol laws of India: state-level regulation under the Constitution's State List, with no national drinking age (18–25), prohibition in Gujarat, Bihar, Mizoram, Nagaland, parts of Manipur, and Lakshadweep, state excise licensing, and the Bihar 2016 ban's studied effects.
Alcohol laws of Missouri
Alcohol laws of Missouri, the Liquor Control Law (Chapter 311 RSMo), govern licensing, three-tier distribution, and sale of beverages above 0.5% ABV, administered by the Division of Alcohol and Tobacco Control since 1934.
Alcohol laws of New York
The alcohol laws of New York center on the Alcoholic Beverage Control Law and the State Liquor Authority: a license-state three-tier system with defined sale hours, a 21-year minimum age, local option dry towns, and a history from the 1709 excise tax through Prohibition repeal.
Alcohol laws of Pennsylvania
Alcohol laws of Pennsylvania: the 1951 Liquor Code and PLCB rules. A control state selling wine and spirits in state stores, licensing beer, with 192-ounce limits, Sunday permits, and about 675 partially dry municipalities.
Alcohol laws of Texas
Alcohol laws of Texas: the Alcoholic Beverage Code and TABC rules governing licensing, hours, and local option wet/dry elections. Liquor sales run 10 a.m.–9 p.m. except Sundays and holidays; 60 counties fully wet, 3 fully dry as of 2025.
Alcohol laws of Utah
Alcohol laws of Utah: state statutes and DABS rules making Utah a control state with state-run liquor stores, 5% ABV grocery beer cap, 0.05% DUI limit, 1.5 oz pour limits, and a 100% ID check law from January 1, 2026.
Alcohol licensing laws of the United Kingdom
UK alcohol licensing laws: the Licensing Act 2003 in England and Wales, separate Scottish and Northern Irish systems, licence types (premises, personal, club, TEN), mandatory conditions, fees, and density controls such as cumulative impact areas.
Alcohol measurements
Alcohol measurements, also called alcohol measures, are the units used to state how much ethanol a drink or a person's body contains, including ABV, proof, and standard drinks.
Alcohol oxidation
Alcohol oxidation, or oxidation of alcohols, is the class of organic reactions converting alcohols to carbonyl compounds: primary alcohols give aldehydes or carboxylic acids, secondary alcohols give ketones.
Alcohol prohibition in India
Alcohol prohibition in India: state-level bans on alcohol under Article 47. Dry states include Gujarat, Bihar, Nagaland, Mizoram, Manipur, Lakshadweep; Bihar's 2016 ban cut frequent drinking but shows underreporting and bootlegging.
Alcohol proof
Alcohol proof measures spirits strength: US proof equals twice the ABV (80 proof = 40%), British proof was about 1.75 times ABV (100 proof ≈ 57%), from the gunpowder test; Britain switched to ABV on January 1, 1980.
Alcohol server training
Alcohol server training, or responsible beverage service (RBS) training, teaches alcohol sellers and servers laws, ID checking, and refusal of service to underage or intoxicated patrons; mandated in 25 US states, with mixed effectiveness evidence.