All articles A–Z
519,064 articles
Different Touch
Different Touch (ডিফ্রেন্ট টাচ) is a Bangladeshi soft rock band formed in Khulna in the late 1980s, best known for 'Sraboner Megh Gulo Joro Holo Akashe'.
Differentiable architecture search
Differentiable architecture search (DARTS) is a neural architecture search method, described in 2018, that relaxes discrete architecture choices into a continuous form optimizable by gradient descent, cutting search cost to a few GPU days.
Differentiable function
A differentiable function, also called a derivable function or differentiable mapping, is a function with a derivative at each point of interest, the central hypothesis of differential calculus.
Differentiable manifold
A differentiable manifold, also called a smooth manifold, is a topological space locally resembling Euclidean space, equipped with a smooth structure allowing calculus, central to differential geometry.
Differentiable molecular simulation
Differentiable molecular simulation is a computational technique that backpropagates through molecular dynamics trajectories to optimize force field parameters, connecting molecular modeling to the optimization machinery of deep learning.
Differentiable optimization
Differentiable optimization embeds an optimization problem as a neural network layer: the forward pass solves it, and implicit differentiation of the optimality conditions supplies gradients for end-to-end training.
Differentiable programming
Differentiable programming is a programming paradigm in which programs are written so automatic differentiation, which applies the chain rule, computes exact gradients, allowing whole programs to be optimized end to end.
Differentiable simulation
Differentiable simulation is an approach to physics simulation in which the simulator is built from differentiable operations, supplying gradients for system identification, controller design, and policy learning.
Differential (mathematics)
In mathematics, a differential, also called a differential element, is the main linear part of a function's increment, denoted dy, introduced by Leibniz and published in 1684, and used today for approximation and error estimation.
Differential (mechanical device)
A differential, also called a differential gear train, is a three-shaft gear train in which one shaft's speed is the average of the other two, letting driving wheels rotate at different speeds when cornering.
Differential Ability Scales
The Differential Ability Scales (DAS), published in 1990, and its 2007 second edition, the DAS-II, are test batteries assessing cognitive abilities in children aged 2:6 to 17:11.
Differential algebra
Differential algebra is the branch of algebra studying rings and fields equipped with derivations, operations satisfying the formal rules of differentiation, founded by Joseph Fels Ritt.
Differential algebraic equation
A differential algebraic equation (DAE) is an equation combining differential equations with algebraic constraints, imposing instantaneous relations among variables; it is applied in circuit simulation, mechanics, and control.
Differential amplifier
A differential amplifier, or difference amplifier, is an electronic amplifier that amplifies the voltage difference between two inputs while rejecting voltage common to both, measured by its common-mode rejection ratio.
Differential analyser
The differential analyser, or Bush differential analyzer, is a mechanical analog computer for solving differential equations, first built by Vannevar Bush at MIT in 1931.
Differential calculus
Differential calculus is the branch of mathematics that studies how functions change through the derivative, which measures instantaneous rates of change and the slope of tangent lines.
Differential centrifugation
Differential centrifugation is a cell fractionation method that separates cell components by spinning a homogenate at stepwise increasing speeds, pelleting nuclei, mitochondria, and microsomes in sequence.
Differential coding
Differential coding is a data compression technique that stores values as differences from a reference or previous value, so correlated data becomes smaller and easier to compress.
Differential cross section
The differential cross section, written dσ/dΩ, gives the rate at which particles scatter into a given solid angle per unit incident flux, measured in barns per steradian.
Differential cryptanalysis
Differential cryptanalysis is a chosen-plaintext attack introduced by Eli Biham and Adi Shamir in 1991, the first published attack to break the full 16-round DES.
Differential diagnosis
Differential diagnosis: the systematic comparison of candidate conditions to determine which a patient has. Covers hypothesis generation, Bayesian ranking, diagnostic error rates (5.08% outpatient), checklists, and LLM tools like AMIE.
Differential display
Differential display, also called DD-PCR or DDRT-PCR, is a PCR-based method for comparing mRNA populations between samples and isolating differentially expressed genes, introduced in 1992.
Differential dynamic microscopy
Differential dynamic microscopy (DDM) is an image-analysis technique that extracts dynamic light scattering data from ordinary microscope images, introduced by Cerbino and Trappe in 2008.
Differential dynamic programming
Differential dynamic programming (DDP) is a second-order trajectory optimization algorithm for nonlinear optimal control, introduced by Jacobson and Mayne in 1970 and widely used for legged robot control.
Differential electrochemical mass spectrometry
Differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS) is an analytical technique that couples an electrochemical cell to a mass spectrometer to identify volatile electrode products in real time.
Differential equation
A differential equation relates an unknown function to its derivatives, and solving it means finding a function that satisfies the equation; it dates to the late 17th century.
Differential evolution
Differential evolution (DE) is a population-based, gradient-free optimization algorithm introduced by Rainer Storn and Kenneth Price in 1995 and published in 1997, widely used for nonlinear and non-differentiable functions.
Differential form
A differential form, also called an exterior differential form, is a smooth antisymmetric tensor field on a differentiable manifold, the natural object for integration and for writing Maxwell's equations.
Differential Galois theory
Differential Galois theory, known for linear equations as Picard–Vessiot theory, attaches to each linear differential equation a Galois group capturing algebraic dependencies among solutions and characterizing closed-form solvability.
Differential game
A differential game is a mathematical model in which players with conflicting objectives control a dynamical system evolving continuously in time, extending optimal control theory to multiple agents.