All articles A–Z
519,064 articles
Diplodocus
Diplodocus, a Late Jurassic sauropod dinosaur genus from the Morrison Formation, USA, named by Marsh in 1878; up to 26 m long, about 15 tonnes, whip-tailed, source of the famous Dippy casts, with 2026 Spanish fossils extending its range to Europe.
Diplodus annularis
Diplodus annularis, the annular seabream (basionym Sparus annularis), is a small Mediterranean and eastern Atlantic sparid fish of seagrass and sandy bottoms, usually 12-15 cm, reaching 17 years, targeted mainly by recreational anglers.
Diplodus puntazzo
Diplodus puntazzo, sharpsnout seabream (sarago pizzuto), a sparid fish of the Mediterranean and eastern Atlantic; rudimentary hermaphrodite, omnivorous, to 60 cm, under domestication for Mediterranean aquaculture.
Diplodus sargus
Diplodus sargus, the white seabream (Sargo, Sar commun), is a Mediterranean and eastern Atlantic sparid fish with five dark vertical bars, reaching 45 cm, protandrous, fished artisanally, IUCN Least Concern.
Diplodus vulgaris
Diplodus vulgaris, the common two-banded seabream (sar à tête noire), is a Sparidae fish of the eastern Atlantic, Mediterranean, and Black Sea, with two dark bands, max 45 cm, IUCN Least Concern.
Diplograptus
Diplograptus, an extinct biserial graptolite genus (family Diplograptidae, phylum Hemichordata) named by McCoy in 1850, type species D. pristis, ranging Middle Ordovician to Early Silurian across Europe, North America, Australia, and Asia.
Diploidy
Diploidy (2N) is the chromosomal state in which each chromosome type is represented twice, one maternal and one paternal copy. Humans are diploid with 46 chromosomes; meiosis halves this to 23 and fertilization restores it.
Diploma
Diploma: an official document attesting completed study, treated by UNESCO as a qualification alongside certificates and degrees; recognized across borders under the Global Convention (in force 2023) and increasingly issued as blockchain-verified digital credentials, as at MIT since 2017.
Diploma Andreanum
The Diploma Andreanum, German Goldener Freibrief, is a 1224 charter by which King Andrew II of Hungary granted collective rights and autonomy to the German settlers of southern Transylvania, the Transylvanian Saxons.
Diploma in Engineering
Diploma in Engineering: a sub-degree engineering qualification, notably the 3-year Indian polytechnic diploma after Class 10 with lateral B.Tech entry, and Level 4-6 diplomas in Australian, New Zealand, Malaysian and UK frameworks.
Diploma Leopoldinum
The Diploma Leopoldinum was a 1690 charter of Emperor Leopold I guaranteeing Transylvania internal autonomy, its laws, fixed taxes, and religious rights within the Habsburg Empire.
Diploma mill
Diploma mill, or degree mill: an entity selling degrees for a fee with little or no coursework and no recognized accreditation. Covers the U.S. statutory definition, accreditation mills, warning signs, and enforcement cases.
Diploma of Andrew II granting the Burzenland to the Teutonic Knights
The Diploma of Andrew II granting the Burzenland to the Teutonic Knights (II. András adománylevele a Barcaságról) is a 1211 royal charter ceding southeastern Transylvania to the Order.
Diplomacy
Diplomacy, the peaceful conduct of business between states, spans ancient envoys, resident embassies from 1450 Italy, the 1961 Vienna Convention, and modern bilateral, multilateral, and digital diplomatic practice.
Diplomacy (game)
Diplomacy is Allan B. Calhamer's seven-player negotiation wargame of pre-WWI Europe, published 1959 and now under Hasbro/Avalon Hill: no dice, simultaneous secret orders, 34 supply centers, 18 to win, and a benchmark for AI research including Meta's Cicero.
Diplomacy of dissolved states
Diplomacy of dissolved states is the external representation, by envoys, ambassadors, and embassies, carried on by states that no longer exist, from post-Roman kingdoms to Venice and Austria-Hungary.
Diplomacy of the Holy Roman Empire
The diplomacy of the Holy Roman Empire was a layered system of envoys of the emperor, princes, and cities, with a permanent diplomatic corps at Regensburg after 1663.
Diplomacy of the Republic of Genoa
The diplomacy of the Republic of Genoa relied on short-term embassies and a Mediterranean network of consuls, from the medieval commune until the republic's abolition in 1797.
Diplomacy of the Republic of Venice
The diplomacy of the Republic of Venice was its ambassadorial service, which kept permanent resident envoys at foreign courts from the medieval period to the late eighteenth century.
Diplomat
A diplomat is a state-appointed representative abroad, covering ambassadors, embassy staff, and foreign service officers. Defined by Vienna Convention 1961 functions and immunities; distinct from consuls; US entry via Foreign Service exams.
Diplomate of National Board
Diplomate of National Board (DNB), also DrNB and FNB, is India's NBEMS-awarded postgraduate medical qualification, legally equivalent to MD/MS/DM/MCh, entered via NEET-PG with 3-year hospital training and a two-stage exit exam.
Diplomatic bag
Diplomatic bag (diplomatic pouch): sealed, visibly marked container protected by VCDR Article 27; cannot be opened or detained, carries only official-use items; distinct from consular bags and the 1989 unadopted ILC draft articles.
Diplomatic courier
Diplomatic courier: credentialed state agent carrying diplomatic bags and classified material, protected by VCDR Article 27 (1961); U.S. Diplomatic Courier Service founded 1918, ILC draft articles 1989.
Diplomatic expulsions during the Russo-Ukrainian War
Diplomatic expulsions during the Russo-Ukrainian War: coordinated Western persona non grata removals of over 400 Russian diplomats, mostly suspected intelligence officers, after the February 2022 invasion, plus Russian tit-for-tat expulsions under Vienna Convention Article 9.
Diplomatic immunity
Diplomatic immunity exempts accredited diplomats from the host state's criminal and most civil jurisdiction, codified in the 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (193 parties), with waiver, persona non grata, and expulsion as remedies.
Diplomatic mission
Diplomatic mission: a state's permanent representation abroad, chiefly the embassy (high commission between Commonwealth members), governed by the 1961 Vienna Convention, with functions of representation, negotiation, protection of nationals, and reporting, and inviolable premises.
Diplomatic missions of South Ossetia
The diplomatic missions of South Ossetia are a small network of posts concentrated in Russia and fellow recognizing states, including an embassy in Moscow, an embassy in Sukhum, and a representation in Tiraspol.
Diplomatic protection
Diplomatic protection: a State's discretionary espousal of an international claim on behalf of its injured national after exhaustion of local remedies; codified in the ILC's 2006 Draft Articles, governed by nationality of claims rules, Nottebohm's genuine link, and still without a convention.
Diplomatic rank
Diplomatic rank: the hierarchy governments assign to diplomats, from ambassador to attaché. Four classes set at Vienna 1815 and Aix-la-Chapelle 1818 were reduced to three classes of heads of mission by the 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations.
Diplomatic recognition
Diplomatic recognition: the unilateral act by which a state acknowledges another state or government's legal status; defined by constitutive versus declaratory theories, Montevideo Convention criteria, and effects on diplomatic relations, treaties, and UN membership.