All articles A–Z
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Algebraic connectivity
The algebraic connectivity, also called the Fiedler value, is the second smallest eigenvalue of a graph's Laplacian matrix; introduced by Miroslav Fiedler in 1973, it measures overall connectivity.
Algebraic curve
An algebraic curve, in the plane case also called a plane algebraic curve, is a one-dimensional variety defined by polynomial equations, central to algebraic geometry and used in cryptography.
Algebraic cycles and Chow groups
In algebraic geometry, an algebraic cycle is a finite integer combination of subvarieties, and the Chow groups are the groups of cycles modulo rational equivalence.
Algebraic data type
An algebraic data type (ADT), also called an algebraic type, is a composite type built by combining simpler types with sum and product operations, a core feature of Haskell.
Algebraic effect
An algebraic effect is a computational effect, such as state or exceptions, represented by operations and equations and handled by a resumable handler, introduced in 2002.
Algebraic equation
An algebraic equation is a polynomial set equal to zero, such as a0x^n + ... + an = 0; finding its roots is one of mathematics' oldest problems.
Algebraic expression
An algebraic expression, also called an expression in algebra, combines numbers, letters standing for numbers, and operation symbols without an equality sign, as in 2x^2 + 3x + 8.
Algebraic function
An algebraic function is a function defined by a polynomial equation over a field, such as y = √(x²+1); it is generally many-valued, with branches and algebraic branch points.
Algebraic geometry
Algebraic geometry is the branch of mathematics that studies geometric objects defined by polynomial equations, principally algebraic varieties and schemes, and it underlies elliptic-curve cryptography and algebraic-geometry codes.
Algebraic integer
An algebraic integer is a complex number that is a root of a monic polynomial with integer coefficients; examples include √2 and i, but not 1/2.
Algebraic K-theory
Algebraic K-theory is a branch of mathematics that assigns sequences of abelian K-groups to rings and schemes, with applications in number theory, topology, and algebraic geometry.
Algebraic logic
Algebraic logic, also called the algebra of logic, studies logical systems through algebras, so deduction and completeness become algebraic properties, a tradition begun by Boole in 1847.
Algebraic matroid
An algebraic matroid is a matroid whose independent sets are the algebraically independent subsets of elements in a field extension, first studied in the 1930s by van der Waerden and Mac Lane.
Algebraic multigrid
Algebraic multigrid (AMG) is a multilevel iterative method for solving large sparse linear systems, building its coarse levels from matrix entries alone, first published in 1982.
Algebraic notation (chess)
Algebraic notation (chess), also called Standard Algebraic Notation (SAN): the FIDE-standard move-recording system using files a-h and ranks 1-8, e.g. e4, Nf3; the only notation FIDE permits for its own tournaments, replacing descriptive notation.
Algebraic number
An algebraic number is a complex number that is a root of a polynomial with rational coefficients, such as √2 or the golden ratio; numbers like e and pi are transcendental.
Algebraic number theory
Algebraic number theory studies algebraic integers in finite-degree number fields over Q, using rings of integers, ideal class groups, Dirichlet's unit theorem, class field theory, and zeta and L-functions; it arose from Fermat's last theorem and differs from elementary number theory by restoring unique factorization through ideals.
Algebraic quantum field theory
Algebraic quantum field theory, also called local quantum physics, is a mathematical framework for relativistic quantum physics proposed by Rudolf Haag and Daniel Kastler in 1964.
Algebraic reconstruction technique
The algebraic reconstruction technique (ART) is an iterative algorithm that reconstructs CT images from projection data by solving linear equations one ray at a time, reported in 1970 and useful for limited-angle, sparse, or noisy data.
Algebraic Riccati equation
The algebraic Riccati equation, also called the matrix Riccati equation, is a nonlinear matrix equation central to optimal control, including the linear quadratic regulator and Kalman filtering.
Algebraic stack
An algebraic stack, also called an Artin stack, is a stack in groupoids over schemes that locally looks like a scheme, used for moduli problems.
Algebraic structure
An algebraic structure, or algebraic system, is a set equipped with operations satisfying specified axioms; examples include groups, rings, fields, lattices, and vector spaces, studied collectively by universal algebra.
Algebraic topology
Algebraic topology is the branch of mathematics that studies topological spaces by assigning them algebraic objects like groups; its tools range from the fundamental group to persistent homology in data analysis.
Algebraic variety
An algebraic variety, also called an algebraic set, is the set of solutions of polynomial equations over a field and the central object of algebraic geometry.
Algebraically closed field
An algebraically closed field is a field in which every non-constant polynomial with coefficients in the field has a root in it, like the complex numbers.
Algeciras
Algeciras (Al-Yazirat Al-Jadra) is a Spanish port city in Cádiz on the Bay of Gibraltar, founded as Moorish Algeciras, destroyed in 1379, refounded after 1704, and home to Spain's leading port with over 100 million tons of traffic.
Algeciras Conference
The Algeciras Conference was an international conference held in Algeciras, Spain, in 1906 to resolve the First Moroccan Crisis between France and Germany over Morocco.
Algee Smith
Algee Smith, born 1994 in Saginaw, Michigan, is an American actor and R&B singer. Known for Ralph Tresvant in The New Edition Story, Larry Reed in Detroit, Khalil in The Hate U Give, and Chris McKay in Euphoria, plus EPs Listen, 24, ATL, and the 2025 album Love Lost.
Algenol
Algenol, later Algenol Biotech, was a Fort Myers, Florida biofuels company that developed a Direct to Ethanol process in which cyanobacteria in sealed saltwater photobioreactors produced ethanol without being harvested.
Algenon L. Marbley
Algenon L. Marbley, born 1954, is an American jurist serving as a United States district judge for the Southern District of Ohio since 1997, appointed by President Bill Clinton.