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Electoral law of Brazil
The electoral law of Brazil governs Brazilian elections under the Superior Electoral Tribunal (TSE), with compulsory voting and elections on the first Sunday of October.
Electoral law of December 11, 1905 and June 3, 1907
The Electoral law of December 11, 1905 and June 3, 1907 (Положение о выборах в Государственную думу) governed elections to the Russian State Duma, created during the 1905 revolution.
Electoral Palatinate
Electoral Palatinate (Kurpfalz), a Wittelsbach principality of the Holy Roman Empire centered on Heidelberg, held an imperial electoral vote from the 1356 Golden Bull until 1623, regained an eighth vote in 1648, and was dissolved in 1803.
Electoral reform
Electoral reform: changing electoral rules, systems, registration, finance, and administration. Covers the 1990s reform wave (Italy, New Zealand, Japan), elite-driven versus popular reform, and recent cases in Italy, Australia, Canada, the UK, and US ballot measures.
Electoral Reform Society
Electoral Reform Society (ERS), formerly Proportional Representation Society, UK's oldest democratic-reform campaigner founded 1884 by Sir John Lubbock; advocates Single Transferable Vote, member-owned, offices London, Cardiff, Edinburgh.
Electoral roll
An electoral roll, also called an electoral register or voter roll, is the official list of persons entitled to vote, which election authorities use to assign ballots.
Electoral system
Electoral system: the rules converting votes into seats, grouped by International IDEA into plurality/majority, proportional, and mixed families with 12 main systems including FPTP, List PR, and MMP.
Electoral system of Australia
Australia's federal electoral system: compulsory enrolment and voting, preferential (alternative) voting for 150 House of Representatives divisions, Senate proportional representation by STV with 76 senators, independent AEC administration, and 2025 funding reform with $5,000 disclosure threshold from 1 January 2027.
Electoral system of Germany
The electoral system of Germany elects the Bundestag by personalized proportional representation, with each voter casting two votes, one for a candidate and one for a party list.
Electoral system of India
Electoral system of India: universal adult suffrage with first-past-the-post in 543 single-member Lok Sabha constituencies, run by the Election Commission of India (est. 25 January 1950); Rajya Sabha uses single transferable vote; EVMs since 2004, VVPAT nationwide since 2019.
Electoral threshold
Electoral threshold: minimum vote share a party needs for legislative seats, mainly in proportional systems. Formal legal bars (typically 3-5%) versus effective thresholds from district magnitude; causes wasted votes and disproportionality, as in Turkey 2002.
Electorate of Bavaria
Electorate of Bavaria (Kurfürstentum Bayern), 1623–1806, a Wittelsbach hereditary electorate of the Holy Roman Empire; electoral dignity granted to Maximilian I in 1623, confirmed at Westphalia 1648, ended by elevation to a kingdom in 1806.
Electorate of Cologne
The Electorate of Cologne (Kurköln) was an ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire ruled by the Archbishop of Cologne, one of seven prince-electors, until 1803.
Electorate of Hanover
Electorate of Hanover (Kurfürstentum Hannover), ninth electorate of the Holy Roman Empire created 1692 for Brunswick-Lüneburg; in personal union with Great Britain 1714–1837, kingdom 1814, annexed by Prussia 1866.
Electorate of Saxony
Electorate of Saxony (Kurfürstentum Sachsen, Kursachsen): Holy Roman Empire electoral state 1356–1806, created by the Golden Bull for Saxe-Wittenberg, held by the Wettins from 1423, ending as the Kingdom of Saxony in 1806.
Electra (2024 film)
Electra (2024 film) by Hala Matar, also called Electra, is an American-Italian mystery thriller starring Maria Bakalova, Abigail Cowen, Jack Farthing, and Daryl Wein, released May 2, 2025 by Level 33 Entertainment.
Electra (Pleiad)
Electra (Ἠλέκτρα), one of the seven Pleiades of Greek mythology, daughter of Atlas and Pleione; by Zeus she bore Dardanus, ancestor of Troy's royal house, and Iasion, and is tied to the Palladium and the lost-Pleiad star tradition.
Electra (Sophocles play)
Sophocles' Electra (Ἠλέκτρα), a Greek tragedy of c. 420-410 BC set at Mycenae, in which Electra endures Clytemnestra and Aegisthus until Orestes returns, kills them, and ends the curse on the house of Atreus.
Electra (Ἠλέκτρα)
Electra (Ἠλέκτρα) is a Greek mythological figure, daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra, who helps her brother Orestes avenge their father by killing their mother and Aegisthus.
Electra Battery Materials
Electra Battery Materials Corporation, formerly First Cobalt Corp., is a Canadian company building North America's first battery-grade cobalt sulfate refinery at Temiskaming Shores, Ontario, with cobalt assets in Idaho.
Electra complex
Electra complex: the female counterpart of Freud's Oedipus complex, coined by Carl Jung in 1913, describing a girl's alleged attachment to her father and rivalry with her mother; Freud rejected the term, and modern psychology regards it as unsupported.
Electra Heart
Electra Heart is Marina and the Diamonds' 2012 concept album, built on a blonde alter ego embodying female American archetypes; a UK number one with mixed reviews that became her cult classic.
Electrabel
Electrabel is a Belgian energy company, created in 1990 by Tractebel and part of ENGIE since 2008, that is Belgium's leading electricity supplier and operates the Doel and Tihange nuclear power stations.
Electrasteel, Inc.
Electrasteel, Inc., doing business as Electra, is a Boulder, Colorado clean-iron startup founded in 2020 by Sandeep Nijhawan and Quoc Pham that refines iron ore at 60 degrees Celsius using renewable electricity.
ELECTRE
ELECTRE (ELimination Et Choix Traduisant la REalité), also known as the ELECTRE method, is a family of outranking methods in multi-criteria decision analysis developed by Bernard Roy since the mid-1960s.
Electret
An electret is a dielectric material carrying a permanent or quasi-permanent electric charge without external power, the electrostatic counterpart of a permanent magnet, coined by Oliver Heaviside.
Electret microphone
An electret microphone is a condenser microphone whose polarizing charge comes from a permanent electret, invented by Sessler and West at Bell Labs in 1962.
Electric AI (Electric)
Electric AI is a New York technology company providing IT support and management software for small and mid-sized businesses, founded by CEO Ryan Denehy in 2016.
Electric aircraft
An electric aircraft, also called an electric airplane, is an airplane propelled by electric motors drawing power from batteries, practical today for short ranges and light payloads.
Electric arc
An electric arc, also known as a voltaic arc or arc discharge, is a self-sustaining electrical discharge through plasma between electrodes, used in welding and steelmaking and seen in lightning.