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Endoscopic spine surgery

Endoscopic spine surgery is a minimally invasive technique in which a small working-channel endoscope removes herniated disc material and decompresses narrowed spinal canals through incisions of about 0.8 cm.

Endoscopic thyroidectomy

Endoscopic thyroidectomy is a surgical technique that removes all or part of the thyroid gland using an endoscope and remote incisions, avoiding the open collar scar.

Endoscopic tympanoplasty

Endoscopic tympanoplasty is a surgical technique in otolaryngology that repairs a perforated eardrum using an endoscope instead of a microscope, with comparable outcomes, less pain, and no external incision.

Endoscopic ultrasonography

Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) is an imaging technique combining a flexible endoscope with an ultrasound transducer at its tip, imaging the gut wall layer by layer and nearby organs.

Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration

Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) is a minimally invasive diagnostic procedure in which an endoscope with an ultrasound probe guides a fine needle into pancreatic and nearby lesions.

Endoscopic ultrasound-guided gastroenterostomy

Endoscopic ultrasound-guided gastroenterostomy (EUS-GE) is an endoscopic procedure that creates a stomach-to-small-intestine bypass with a lumen-apposing metal stent, used mainly to relieve gastric outlet obstruction caused by unresectable cancer.

Endoscopic ultrasound-guided liver biopsy

Endoscopic ultrasound-guided liver biopsy (EUS-LB) samples liver tissue through a needle passed down an echoendoscope, reaching both lobes and avoiding vessels and bowel under real-time Doppler.

Endoscopic ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation

Endoscopic ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation (EUS-RFA) is a minimally invasive procedure that destroys pancreatic and gastrointestinal tumors by delivering radiofrequency energy through a needle electrode under endoscopic ultrasound guidance.

Endoscopic vacuum therapy

Endoscopic vacuum therapy (EVT), also called endoluminal vacuum therapy or Endovac, is an endoscopic treatment that closes gastrointestinal leaks, perforations, and anastomotic dehiscence with a sponge under negative pressure.

Endoscopy

Endoscopy: visual examination of internal organs with a lighted, camera-bearing tube. Spans Bozzini's 1806 Lichtleiter, Schindler's 1932 semiflexible gastroscope, Hirschowitz's 1957 fiberscope, video and capsule endoscopy, reprocessing, and AI-assisted diagnosis.

Endoskeleton

An endoskeleton is an internal support structure made of bone, cartilage, or both that gives animals shape, protects organs, and anchors muscles; all vertebrates have one.

Endosome

Endosome: membrane-bound eukaryotic organelle sorting endocytosed cargo for recycling, retrograde transport, or lysosomal degradation; early (Rab5, pH ~6) to late (Rab7, MVB) maturation, ESCRT sorting, exosome release, immunity and drug delivery roles.

Endosperm

Endosperm: the triploid (2m:1p) nutritive seed tissue of flowering plants, formed by double fertilization of the central cell; site of genomic imprinting, source of cereal grain food, and sensitive to parental genome dosage.

Endospore

Endospore (bacterial spore): dormant, extremely resistant cell formed by Bacillus, Clostridium and relatives under nutrient stress; discovered by Cohn and Koch in 1876; survives boiling, radiation, and chemicals via Ca-DPA, SASPs, and a dehydrated core.

Oct 15, 2026

Endostatin

Endostatin is a 20-kDa C-terminal fragment of type XVIII collagen that inhibits angiogenesis and tumor growth, identified in 1997 in Folkman's laboratory; a modified version, Endostar, is approved in China.

Endosteal hyperostosis, Worth type

Endosteal hyperostosis, Worth type (Worth syndrome, LRP5 high bone mass, OMIM 144750) is a rare autosomal dominant bone dysplasia causing diffuse skeletal densification of the skull and long bones without increased fracture risk; onset in adolescence, neurological involvement in about 19%.

Oct 15, 2026

Endosulfan

Endosulfan is an organochlorine insecticide of the cyclodiene type, developed in Germany in 1954 and used widely on crops before being phased out globally under the Stockholm Convention.

Endosurgery-02 trial

Endosurgery-02 (NCT07317609, ChiCTR2500095911) is a phase 1 single-arm trial at Shanghai Zhongshan Hospital testing neoadjuvant tislelizumab, carboplatin, and nab-paclitaxel followed by organ-preserving endoscopic resection in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

Endosymbiont

Endosymbiont: organism living inside a host's body or cells in symbiosis. Includes Wolbachia, rhizobia, coral algae; mitochondria and chloroplasts descend from ancient endosymbionts per Margulis's 1967 theory.

Endotamponade

Endotamponade: intraocular gas (air, SF6, C2F6, C3F8) or silicone oil used in vitreoretinal surgery to seal retinal breaks until retinopexy; gases resorb in days to weeks, oil is permanent until removed.

Endothelial cell

Endothelial cell, or EC, the main cell lining blood vessels, lymph vessels, and the heart; forms the endothelium, stores von Willebrand factor in Weibel–Palade bodies, regulates vascular tone, permeability, and angiogenesis, and shows organ-specific heterogeneity.

Endothelial cell apoptotic process

Endothelial cell apoptotic process (GO:0072577), also called endothelial cell apoptosis, is the Gene Ontology term for programmed cell death of endothelial cells, executed via mitochondrial and death receptor caspase pathways and central to vascular remodeling and cardiovascular disease.

Endothelial cell-selective adhesion molecule

Endothelial cell-selective adhesion molecule (ESAM) is a transmembrane adhesion protein of the immunoglobulin superfamily, expressed in endothelial cells and platelets and important for lung vessel barrier integrity.

Endothelial colony forming cell

Endothelial colony forming cells (ECFCs), also called blood outgrowth endothelial cells or late outgrowth EPCs, are rare circulating endothelial progenitors with clonal proliferative potential that form functional blood vessels in vivo, distinct from myeloid angiogenic cells, and remain preclinical.

Endothelial keratoplasty

Endothelial keratoplasty (EK) is a sutureless corneal transplant replacing only the cornea's inner layers, done as DSEK, DSAEK, or DMEK, chiefly for Fuchs endothelial dystrophy.

Endothelial protein C receptor

PROCR (protein C receptor, EPCR, CD201; HGNC:9452) is a human gene at 20q11.22 encoding the endothelial protein C receptor, which enhances activated protein C signaling; its rs867186 Ser219Gly variant raises VTE risk while lowering coronary artery disease risk.