All articles A–Z
519,064 articles
History of Guinea
History of Guinea: from Ghana, Mali, Songhay, Batè, Wassolon and Futa-Jallon, through French conquest and colony, to independence under Sékou Touré in 1958, his 1958–1984 single-party rule, and the country's sources and historiography.
History of Gujarat
History of Gujarat: the northwestern Indian coastal region named for the Gujar tribes, spanning Harappan Dholavira and Lothal, Hindu kingdoms, the Gujarat Sultanate, Mughal and Maratha rule, British rule, and statehood in 1960.
History of gunpowder
The history of gunpowder (火药) spans a millennium: first recorded in China in 808, transmitted westward by the Mongols, and the world's principal explosive until smokeless powders.
History of Haiti
The History of Haiti details the island's evolution from the Taíno people and French Saint-Domingue to its independence in 1804, which established the world's first Black republic.
History of haloarchaeal taxonomy
The history of haloarchaeal taxonomy traces the classification of the salt-requiring archaea of the class Halobacteria from early names for fish-spoiling microbes to genome-based schemes dividing 76 genera into eight families.
History of Hamas
History of Hamas: the Palestinian Islamist movement (Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiya) founded by Ahmed Yassin in December 1987 from the Gaza Muslim Brotherhood; 1988 charter, 2006 election, 2007 Gaza takeover, October 7, 2023 attack, and the ensuing war.
History of Han Thought
History of Han Thought (Liang Han sixiangshi) is a three-volume study of Western and Eastern Han intellectual history by the New Confucian scholar Xu Fuguan.
History of hang gliding
The history of hang gliding spans more than 120 years of foot-launched flight, from Otto Lilienthal's pioneering gliders in the 1890s to the sport's explosive growth after 1963.
History of hard disk drives
The history of hard disk drives covers seven decades from IBM's 1956 RAMAC through Winchester technology, shrinking form factors, and an industry consolidated to three makers.
History of Hawaii
History of Hawaii: Polynesian settlement (c. 800–1000 A.D.), Kingdom of Hawaii unified by Kamehameha I in 1810, 1893 overthrow of Queen Lili'uokalani, 1898 U.S. annexation by Newlands Resolution, Territory era, and 1959 statehood.
History of hearing aids
The history of hearing aids traces amplifying devices from ear trumpets of the 1600s through carbon, vacuum tube, transistor, and digital generations to over-the-counter aids approved in 2022.
History of Heraclius
The History of Heraclius is a seventh-century Armenian chronicle traditionally attributed to Bishop Sebeos, covering Near Eastern history from the 480s to 661, including the Arab conquests.
History of Hinduism
The history of Hinduism covers the religious traditions of the Indian subcontinent, from Vedic texts of about 1500 BCE and deity worship before 200 BCE to today's 1.2 billion Hindus.
History of HIV/AIDS
History of HIV/AIDS: from SIVcpz transmission in Cameroon and the 1981 first CDC report of AIDS, through the 1983–84 virus discovery, AZT, HAART, PEPFAR, and PrEP, to 2025 treatment coverage and funding-crisis risks.
History of homological algebra
The history of homological algebra traces the study of homology and cohomology from Hilbert's 1890 syzygy theorem to Cartan and Eilenberg's founding 1956 treatise and Grothendieck's 1957 abelian categories.
History of homosexuality
History of homosexuality: the record of same-sex desire and relationships across cultures, from ancient Greece and imperial China to European criminalization, 19th-century sexology, Foucault's modern homosexual, DSM/ICD depathologization (1973, 1990), and global law reform.
History of Honduras
History of Honduras: Central American nation colonized by Spain from 1502, independent 1821, briefly in Mexican Empire, banana republic under U.S. fruit companies and Carías dictatorship, military rule, 1980s Contra base, 1998 Hurricane Mitch, and the 2009 coup against Manuel Zelaya.
History of Hong Kong
History of Hong Kong: British seizure in 1841, Treaty of Nanking 1842, Kowloon 1860, 99-year New Territories lease 1898, Japanese occupation 1941–45, Joint Declaration 1984, and the 1 July 1997 handover under one country, two systems.
History of horse-drawn transport
Horse-drawn transport is the use of horses to pull wheeled vehicles, spreading from the Eurasian steppe after 3500 BC and dominating land transport until the early 1900s.
History of hospitals
History of hospitals: from Mesopotamian, Egyptian, and Greek healing temples and Asclepeia, through Fabiola's 4th-century Roman hospital and Islamic bimaristans, to European voluntary hospitals and modern US institutions of science, insurance, and state funding.
History of human migration
History of human migration: the out-of-Africa spread of Homo sapiens over 300,000 years, peopling of Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas, Neolithic and steppe movements revealed by ancient DNA, and modern international migration, 304 million people or 3.7 percent of humanity in 2024.
History of human rights
History of human rights: development from ancient natural law, Enlightenment natural-rights theory, and the 1776 and 1789 declarations to the 1948 UDHR, the 1966 Covenants, decolonization, and post-2010 decline in prosecutions.
History of human sexuality
History of human sexuality covers the field tracing sexual norms, identities, and regulation from antiquity to today, shaped by Foucault's 1976 History of Sexuality, the 1970s feminist and gay liberation movements, and debates over essentialism versus social constructionism.
History of Hungary
History of Hungary: the Carpathian Basin from Roman Pannonia through the Magyar conquest under Árpád (c. 895), Stephen I's kingdom (1000), Mohács 1526, the 1867 Dual Monarchy, Trianon, communist rule, and the 1989 transition to democracy and EU membership in 2004.
History of Hyderabad
History of Hyderabad: founded 1591 by Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah near Golconda; ruled by Qutb Shahis, conquered by Aurangzeb 1687, Nizams from 1724, merged into India after 1948 police action.
History of IBM
The history of IBM traces the company from its 1911 founding as C-T-R to mainframe dominance in the 1960s and its reinvention as a services firm.
History of IBM magnetic disk drives
History of IBM magnetic disk drives covers IBM's hard disk drives from the 1956 IBM 350, the first commercial hard disk drive, until the business was sold to Hitachi in 2002.
History of ice hockey
History of ice hockey: from the first recorded indoor game at Montreal's Victoria Skating Rink on March 3, 1875, organized by James Creighton, through the 1908 founding of the IIHF, the 1920 Antwerp Olympics, the NHL, and the modern global game.
History of Iceland
History of Iceland: Norse-settled North Atlantic island (settlement after AD 870), kingless Commonwealth to 1262/64, Danish rule, republic June 17, 1944, Cod Wars with Britain 1958–1976.
History of immersed tube tunnelling
The history of immersed tube tunnelling runs from Wyatt's 1810 brick cylinders through the 1890s Shirley Gut siphon and the 1910 Detroit River Tunnel to two traditions, the American steel shell and the European concrete box.