All articles A–Z
519,064 articles
Indeterminate form
An indeterminate form is an expression such as 0/0 or ∞ − ∞ arising when evaluating a limit, whose limiting behaviors do not determine its value; L'Hôpital's rule resolves quotient forms.
Index
Index (book index, back-of-book index): an alphabetical list of names and subjects with page references, reader-oriented rather than a concordance. Invented in the codex era, printed from the 1460s; ancestor of search-engine indexes.
Index (economics)
An index in economics is a statistic, usually relative to a base of 100, measuring changes in prices or quantities over time, such as the CPI.
Index (publishing)
Index (publishing): the back-of-the-book alphabetical list of topics with page locators, defined by ISO 999; distinct from a concordance; printed indexes appeared in the 1460s; governed by standards such as ANSI/NISO Z39.4-2021 and adapted to e-books via embedded, hyperlinked indexes.
Index (statistics)
An index in statistics, also called a composite indicator, is a number summarizing measurements relative to a reference, such as a price index or a composite country ranking.
Index case
Index case: the first case of a disease to come to the attention of health authorities in an outbreak or study. Distinct from the primary case (who introduced the infection) and from "patient zero"; not necessarily the outbreak's source.
Index coding
Index coding is a problem in network information theory on broadcasting messages efficiently to receivers that already know some of them, introduced by Birk and Kol in 1998.
Index decomposition analysis
Index decomposition analysis (IDA) is an econometric method that decomposes changes in an aggregate such as energy consumption or CO2 emissions into activity, structure, and intensity effects.
Index finger
Index finger (digit 2): the second human finger, key for precision pinch and pointing. Contributes 20% of lateral pinch and 50% of pronated power grip; has two independent extensor tendons; its loss cuts pinch and grip strength about 20%.
Index flood method
The index flood method is a regional flood frequency analysis technique introduced by Tate Dalrymple of the US Geological Survey in 1960, pooling flood records across a homogeneous region.
Index fund
An index fund is a pooled investment that matches the performance of a market index such as the S&P 500 rather than trying to beat it.
Index Librorum Prohibitorum
Index Librorum Prohibitorum: the Catholic Church's list of forbidden books, first issued 1559 under Paul IV, reaching about 4,000 titles by 1948 and abolished by Paul VI in 1966.
Index number
An index number in economics measures change in a variable or basket of variables relative to a base, as in the CPI, PCE, and GDP price indexes.
Index of articles related to African Americans
Indexes of articles related to African Americans: reference tools spanning the National Archives' genealogy finding aids, the JAH's 250-entry article index, Black bibliographies from Du Bois and Monroe Work, and periodical and biographical indexes.
Index of colleges and universities in the United States
Index of colleges and universities in the United States refers to the systematic catalogs of the country's 3,633 degree-granting institutions, maintained through federal data systems and classification frameworks.
Index of Economic Freedom
The Index of Economic Freedom is an annual ranking of national economies published by The Heritage Foundation since 1994, scoring 184 countries from 0 to 100.
Index of Freedom in the World
Index of Freedom in the World: a 2012 proto-index by Ian Vásquez and Tanja Štumberger in the Fraser Institute's Towards a Worldwide Index of Human Freedom, combining personal freedom indicators with the EFW economic freedom index; forerunner of the Human Freedom Index.
Index of Greenland-related articles
Index of Greenland-related articles (Kalaallit Nunaat): the world's largest island, an autonomous Danish territory since the 2009 Self-Government Act, covering geography, history, Inatsisartut, economy, EU status, and US interest.
Index of law articles
The Index of law articles is a finding aid that points to where a legal term is treated. It is used by researchers alongside legal encyclopedias and periodical indexes.
Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need
The Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN) is a dental index, developed by Brook and Shaw in 1989, that grades malocclusion severity to determine need for orthodontic treatment.
Index of philosophy of law articles
Index of philosophy of law articles: organizes jurisprudence topics including natural law theory, legal positivism (Bentham, Austin, Kelsen, Hart), Dworkin's interpretivism, legal normativity, the Rule of Law, and methodology, with key reference works.
Index of psychology articles
Index of psychology articles: a navigational list of psychology topics, from mind and memory to abnormal psychology and testing. Related to APA PsycInfo classification codes, PsycINFO and PsycArticles databases, and ICD, DSM, and RDoC clinical classification systems.
Index of real estate articles
Index of real estate articles: an organized guide to real estate and real property law, estates in land, land tenure history, appraisal and mortgage finance, and OECD housing market policy topics, each linked to cited sources.
Index Origin
Index Origin is a series of dedicated global seed funds raised by venture capital firm Index Ventures, launched in 2021 and organized as Jersey limited partnerships.
Index register
An index register is a CPU register whose contents combine with an instruction's address field to form the effective address, letting one instruction reach different memory locations across a loop.
Index selection (breeding)
Index selection is a breeding method that combines measurements of several traits into one weighted score ranking candidates by genetic merit, formalized for livestock by Hazel in 1943.
Index set (computability)
In computability theory, an index set is a set of program indices that depends only on the function computed, so all programs computing the same function share membership.
Index set (recursion theory)
An index set in recursion theory is a set of program indices whose membership depends only on the set a program recognizes, not on the program text.
Index shifting
Index shifting is a bicycle gear-changing method in which each shifter click pulls a set amount of cable, moving the derailleur one sprocket, established by Shimano's 1984 SIS.
Index Ventures
Index Ventures is a European venture capital firm founded in Geneva in 1996, investing across seed, venture, and growth stages in Europe, the US, and Israel.