All articles A–Z

Intrinsic (company)

Intrinsic, an Alphabet robotics software and AI company founded in 2021 under CEO Wendy Tan White, builds Flowstate, a platform for programming and deploying industrial robots.

Intrinsic bond orbitals

Intrinsic bond orbitals (IBOs) are localized quantum-chemical orbitals representing occupied space as recognizable bonds, lone pairs, and core orbitals, introduced by Gerald Knizia in 2013.

Intrinsic factor (gastric intrinsic factor, GIF) is a parietal-cell glycoprotein that binds vitamin B12 for cubam-receptor absorption in the terminal ileum; its loss causes pernicious anemia, first demonstrated by Castle in 1928.

Intrinsic Health Partners

Intrinsic Health Partners is the fund family of Intrinsic Capital Partners, a Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, venture capital and growth equity manager investing in ancillary cannabis and hemp businesses, with two funds formed in 2018 and 2022.

Sep 29, 2026

Intrinsic image decomposition

Intrinsic image decomposition is a computer vision method that separates a photograph into a reflectance layer and a shading layer, rooted in Retinex theory and used for segmentation, recoloring, and relighting.

Intrinsic motivation and curiosity-driven exploration

Intrinsic motivation and curiosity-driven exploration are reinforcement learning techniques where an agent generates internal rewards from prediction error, novelty, or learning progress to explore sparse-reward environments.

Oct 21, 2026

Intrinsic primary afferent neuron of myenteric plexus

Intrinsic primary afferent neuron (IPAN), also called enteric primary afferent neuron or intrinsic sensory neuron: a sensory neuron with cell bodies in the myenteric and submucosal plexuses that transduces gut mechanical and chemical stimuli, has Dogiel type II morphology and AH electrophysiology, initiates local enteric reflexes, and does not project to the CNS.

Intrinsic reaction coordinate

The intrinsic reaction coordinate (IRC) is a minimum-energy reaction path on a potential energy surface, connecting reactants to products through the transition state, proposed by Kenichi Fukui in 1970.

Intrinsic semiconductor

An intrinsic semiconductor, also known as an undoped or I-type semiconductor, is a crystal with no intentional impurity doping, where thermally excited electrons and holes are equal in number (n = p = ni).

Intrinsic Therapeutics

Intrinsic Therapeutics, Inc., formerly MedGenesis, is a medical device company in Woburn, Massachusetts, founded in 2000, maker of the FDA-approved Barricaid implant that reduces reherniation after lumbar discectomy.

Intrinsic value (ethics)

Intrinsic value in ethics is the value a thing has in itself or for its own sake, contrasted with extrinsic and instrumental value; central to axiology, Moore's Principia Ethica, and conservation ethics debates.

Intrinsic value (finance)

Intrinsic value, also called fundamental value, is the value of an asset based on its expected cash flows and their risk, estimated with discounted cash flow models.

Intrinsic viscosity

Intrinsic viscosity, also known as the Staudinger index, is a measure of the hydrodynamic volume of a polymer chain in dilute solution, used to determine molecular weight.

Oct 21, 2026

Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell

Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), also called melanopsin-expressing RGCs, are a third retinal photoreceptor class: about 1–2% of ganglion cells, six subtypes, mediating circadian entrainment, pupillary reflex, sleep, and mood.

Introduced species

Introduced species, also called alien, exotic, or non-native species, live outside their natural range due to human activity. Over 37,000 alien species exist worldwide; those threatening biodiversity are invasive alien species, with major ecological and economic impacts.

Introducing... The Beatles

Introducing... The Beatles (Vee-Jay VJLP 1062/SR 1062), also titled Introducing The Beatles, was the first Beatles album released in America, January 10, 1964, a 12-track abridgment of Please Please Me whose sales, injunctions, and October 1964 Capitol settlement make it unique among US Beatles LPs.

Introduction (writing)

Introduction (writing): the opening section of essays and research papers stating topic, context, thesis, and structure; covers the funnel model, Swales' CARS moves, typical length, and common pitfalls.

Oct 3, 2026

Introduction (인트로덕션) (2021 film)

Introduction (인트로덕션, Inteurodeoksyeon) is Hong Sang-soo's 2021 South Korean black-and-white drama, 66 minutes, in three episodes about Young-ho visiting his father, girlfriend, and mother; it won the Berlinale Silver Bear for Best Screenplay.

Sep 19, 2026

Introduction of Aksumite coinage

The introduction of Aksumite coinage was the start of minting under King Endubis in the late 3rd century AD, the only ancient coinage south of the Sahara.

Introduction of Buddhism to Japan

The introduction of Buddhism to Japan was the official transmission of the religion from the Korean kingdom of Baekje to the Yamato court, dated to 538 or 552 CE.

Introduction of firearms to Japan

The introduction of firearms to Japan (teppō denrai) was the 1543 arrival of the Portuguese matchlock musket on Tanegashima island, copied domestically and transforming Sengoku warfare.

Introduction of firearms to the Central Sudan

The introduction of firearms to the Central Sudan came in the late sixteenth century under Mai Idris Alooma of Bornu, whose Turkish musketeers were recorded by his chronicler Ahmad ibn Fartuwa.

Introduction of the euro

The introduction of the euro was the two-phase process by which the EU's single currency replaced national currencies, launched as accounting money in 1999 and as cash in 2002.

Sep 24, 2026

Introduction of the Oprichnina

The Introduction of the Oprichnina (Учреждение опричнины) was Tsar Ivan IV's 1565 division of Russia into his personal domain, the oprichnina, and the zemshchina, lasting until 1572.

Introduction of vaccination in Korea

The introduction of vaccination in Korea was the adoption of smallpox immunization in Joseon-era Korea, pioneered by Ji Seok-yeong, who opened a vaccine office in Seoul in 1880.

Introduction to Algorithms

An overview of algorithms in computer science, sequences of defined steps for solving problems, covering their history from Euclid and al-Khwarizmi, design paradigms, correctness proofs, and Big-O analysis.

Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation

Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation, nicknamed the Cinderella Book, is a standard textbook on formal languages, automata, and computability by John E. Hopcroft and Jeffrey D. Ullman.

Introduction to evolution

Introduction to evolution: biological evolution is change in hereditary characteristics of populations over generations, driven by natural selection, mutation, genetic drift, and gene flow, from Darwin and Wallace's 1858 papers to modern DNA evidence and antibiotic resistance.