All articles A–Z
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Inventory
Inventory, also known as stock in trade, is the stock of goods and materials a business holds for sale, for production, or for consumption in producing goods and services.
Inventory control
Inventory control, also known as stock control, keeps an organization's stock of raw materials, work in process, and finished products at the right levels and accurately recorded.
Inventory regulations of 1847–1848
The Inventory regulations of 1847–1848 (Инвентарная реформа) were rules approved by Emperor Nicholas I in 1847 that fixed peasant land allotments and obligations in Right-Bank Ukraine, limiting serfdom.
Inventory Stela
The Inventory Stela is a limestone inscription from the Isis temple at Giza, written in the name of Khufu but carved roughly 2,000 years later, in the 26th Dynasty.
Inventory turnover
Inventory turnover, or stock turnover, is an efficiency ratio measuring how many times a company sells and replaces its inventory, calculated as COGS divided by average inventory.
Inventory valuation
Inventory valuation is the accounting process of assigning monetary costs to goods a business holds, so cost of goods sold can be matched against revenue.
Inventus Capital Partners
Inventus Capital Partners is a seed-stage venture capital firm founded in 2007 and headquartered in Burlingame, California, by Kanwal Rekhi and John Dougery; its India operation became Athera Venture Partners.
Inveraray Castle
Inveraray Castle, seat of the Dukes of Argyll and Clan Campbell on Loch Fyne, Scotland: Gothic Revival house begun 1744–46 by Roger Morris and the Adams, completed by Robert Mylne, rebuilt by Salvin after the 1877 fire, Category A listed visitor attraction.
Inveravon
Inveravon is a small Roman fort on the Antonine Wall near Bo'ness, Scotland, on the east bank of the River Avon. Excavated in 1914, 1967, and 1991, it was a late addition guarding the river crossing, with Mesolithic shell middens nearby.
Invercargill
Invercargill (Waihōpai), New Zealand's southernmost and westernmost city and capital of Southland, population 57,900 (2023); founded 1856 by John Turnbull Thomson, service hub for a farming hinterland.
Invercargill City Council v Hamlin
Invercargill City Council v Hamlin (Privy Council, 1996; [1996] 1 NZLR 513) upheld council liability for economic loss from negligently approved defective foundations and adopted a discoverability limitation rule, permitting New Zealand to diverge from Murphy v Brentwood.
Inveresk
Inveresk Roman fort and vicus, Musselburgh, East Lothian, Scotland: Antonine-period fort (480 by 615-595 ft) with the largest known Roman civil settlement in Scotland, excavated from 1946-7 by Ian Richmond onward.
Inverewe Garden
Inverewe Garden, a 21-hectare historic botanical garden at Poolewe, Wester Ross, Scotland, created from 1862 by Osgood Mackenzie; Gulf Stream microclimate, rhododendrons, Wollemi pines, National Trust for Scotland since 1952.
Inverness
Inverness (Inbhir Nis), Scotland's most northerly city on the River Ness and Moray Firth, capital of the Highlands. Royal burgh under David I, newest Scottish city (2000), £315m City Region Deal, £47m castle attraction opened 2026.
Inverness Caledonian Thistle F.C.
Inverness Caledonian Thistle (Caley Thistle, ICT), Scottish football club formed 1994 from the Caledonian-Inverness Thistle merger, based at Caledonian Stadium; Scottish Cup winners 2014-15, entered administration October 2024, rescued by Alan Savage and promoted back to the Championship in 2026.
Inverness Corona
Inverness Corona is a large geological feature, a corona, on Miranda, the innermost of Uranus's five major moons. It is the youngest major terrain on Miranda.
Inverquharity
Inverquharity: Roman fortlet, temporary camp, and Iron Age settlement with souterrain in Angus, Scotland, near Kirriemuir. Discovered from the air in 1983; c. 0.52 ha double-ditched fortlet, probably Flavian, scheduled monument SM6452.
Invers
Invers is a 1991 two-player abstract board game by Kris Burm (Perner/Peri Spiele): players slide tiles out of a 6x6 grid and flip them, racing to invert all their own tiles; it made the Spiel des Jahres 1991 recommended list.
Inverse agonist
Inverse agonist: ligand lowering receptor signaling below constitutive (ligand-independent) activity, unlike neutral antagonists; defined by IUPAC, first shown at delta opioid receptor with ICI174864.
Inverse catalysts (oxide-on-metal)
An inverse catalyst (oxide-on-metal) is a heterogeneous catalyst in which oxide covers a metal surface or nanoparticles instead of the usual metal-on-oxide geometry, giving active metal-oxide interface sites.
Inverse Compton scattering
Inverse Compton scattering (ICS) transfers energy from high-energy electrons to low-energy photons, raising them to X-ray or gamma-ray energies; it is the reverse of the ordinary Compton effect.
Inverse design
Inverse design is an engineering method that computes a device's structure directly from a specified desired performance, rather than revising a predefined design by hand, and is used in photonics, metamaterials, and structural mechanics.
Inverse distance weighting
Inverse distance weighting, also known as Shepard's method, is a spatial interpolation method proposed by Donald Shepard in 1968 that weights nearby measured values by inverse distance.
Inverse dynamics
Inverse dynamics is a method in robotics and biomechanics that computes the joint torques and forces required to produce a given motion, the algebraic inverse of forward dynamics.
Inverse eigenvalue problem
The inverse eigenvalue problem asks whether a matrix with prescribed eigenvalues exists within a given structural class, such as symmetric or nonnegative matrices, and how to construct it.
Inverse electron-demand Diels–Alder reaction
The inverse electron-demand Diels–Alder reaction (IEDDA) is a cycloaddition of an electron-poor diene such as a tetrazine with an electron-rich dienophile, used in synthesis and bioorthogonal labeling.
Inverse filter
The inverse filter is a deconvolution method that recovers an original signal or image by dividing by the known blur's transfer function in the frequency domain.
Inverse finite element method
The inverse finite element method (iFEM) is a computational technique that reconstructs a structure's full deformed shape from sparse surface strain measurements, requiring no knowledge of applied loads or material properties.
Inverse function
An inverse function is a function that reverses another function, sending each output back to its input. It exists only when the function is bijective.
Inverse function theorem
The inverse function theorem of calculus states that a continuously differentiable map between open sets is locally invertible, with a differentiable inverse, wherever its derivative is invertible.