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Coffee production
Coffee production: cultivation, harvest, and processing of Coffea arabica and robusta into green coffee. Ethiopia-Yemen origins, dry and wet processing, Brazil and Viet Nam dominance, 11 million tonnes in 2024, climate pressure.
Coffee production in Brazil
Coffee production in Brazil: the world's largest coffee producer for about 150 years, growing arabica and conilon. Conab estimates a record 67.6 million 60-kg bags for 2026, up 19.6%, with USDA forecasting 71.9 million for 2026/27.
Coffee production in Ethiopia
Coffee production in Ethiopia is the cultivation of arabica coffee by about 5.9 million farmers, mostly smallholders, in the country where arabica originated and Africa's largest producing nation.
Coffee production in India
Coffee production in India: coffee grown mainly in Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu under two-tier shade in the Western and Eastern Ghats. About 3.6 lakh tonnes a year, over 75 percent Robusta, 65-70 percent exported; seventh-largest producer, fifth-largest exporter, CCRI founded 1925.
Coffee roasting
Coffee roasting is the dry-heat process turning green coffee into flavored roasted beans via drying, Maillard/pyrolysis, first crack near 200 °C, and cooling; degree is measured by color (Agtron, L), with defects like baked and underdeveloped roasts.
Coffee shop al salam
Coffee shop al salam (كوفي شوب السلام) names several unrelated cafés: a 24-hour cash-only café in Shubra El-Kheima, Egypt; a Baghdad venue mapped as a casino; a hospital coffee shop tenant in Riyadh; and the Al Salam Hotel Khartoum coffee shop.
Coffee substitute
Coffee substitute (ersatz coffee, Kaffee-Ersatz): a caffeine-free beverage of roasted chicory, cereals, figs or roots brewed like coffee; historically a wartime and scarcity drink, now a functional-beverage market segment led by chicory products.
Coffeehouse
A coffeehouse is a business selling prepared coffee and, historically, a social institution built on conversation, news, and debate, beginning in the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century.
Coffeemaker
Coffeemaker: appliance that brews coffee by heating water and passing it through grounds; types include drip, espresso, moka, capsule, and bean-to-cup machines, from 5-cup domestic to 500-cup commercial duty.
Cognac
Cognac: French AOC wine eau-de-vie from Charente and Charente-Maritime, double-distilled in Charentais pot stills, oak-aged at least two years, BNIC-enforced, over 95% exported.
Coin collecting
Coin collecting, part of numismatics (from Greek nomisma), is the hobby of gathering coins, tokens, and medals. Spans Augustus and Petrarch to the Sheldon 1-70 scale, PCGS/NGC grading, and today's auction market.
Coin grading
Coin grading: assessing a coin's condition on the 1-70 Sheldon scale, proposed by William Sheldon in 1948 and used by third-party services PCGS (1986), NGC (1987), ANACS, ICG, and CACG.
Coins of the Canadian dollar
Coins of the Canadian dollar: seven circulation denominations (1 cent to $2 toonie) minted by the Royal Canadian Mint in Winnipeg; first Canadian coins 1858; Voyageur dollar 1935; penny withdrawn 2013.
Coins of the Swiss franc
Coins of the Swiss franc: Switzerland's circulation coins in 5, 10, 20, 50 centimes and 1, 2, 5 francs, minted by Swissmint since the 1850 coinage reform, cupronickel since 1968.
Cola
Cola: a caffeinated, caramel-colored carbonated soft drink named for coca leaves and kola nuts. Created with Coca-Cola (1886, Pemberton); rivals include Pepsi; typical caffeine about 35 mg per 12-oz can.
Cola wars
Cola wars: the century-long Coca-Cola versus Pepsi rivalry of advertising, Pepsi Challenge blind taste tests, and the 1985 New Coke debacle; Coke led the market while Pepsi won blind tastings, and Pepsi fell to fourth in US sales by 2024.
Colby cheese
Colby cheese: American semi-firm washed-curd cow's-milk cheese created in 1885 by Joseph Steinwand in Colby, Wisconsin; orange from annatto, under 40% moisture, aged 1–3 months, milder than cheddar, base of Colby-Jack.
Colcannon
Colcannon (cál ceannann, "white-headed cabbage") is the traditional Irish dish of mashed potatoes with kale or cabbage, butter and milk, served at Halloween with hidden ring, coin or thimble tokens for fortune-telling, distinct from scallion-based champ.
Colcha embroidery
Colcha embroidery is a Hispanic folk embroidery of northern New Mexico and southern Colorado using a self-couching colcha stitch on sabanilla wool or cotton, with 1700s examples and twentieth-century revivals.
Cold beet soup
Cold beet soup, Lithuanian šaltibarščiai, Polish chłodnik litewski, Belarusian chaladnik: a pink chilled soup of beets, kefir or buttermilk, cucumber, dill and egg, served with hot boiled potatoes; documented from mid-19th-century cookbooks and celebrated at Vilnius Pink Soup Fest.
Cold brew coffee
Cold brew coffee is a coffee made by steeping coarse grounds in cold or room-temperature water, also called Kyoto-style or Dutch coffee, for 12-24 hours, yielding a smooth, lower-titratable-acidity drink; sold mainly as ready-to-drink products in a USD 3.87 billion 2025 market.
Cold Stone Creamery
Cold Stone Creamery is an American ice cream chain founded in 1988 in Tempe, Arizona, where ice cream is hand-mixed with toppings on a frozen granite stone.
Cold-pressed juice
Cold-pressed juice: fruit or vegetable juice extracted by hydraulic press after crushing, without centrifugal or heat processing. Defined by grind-and-press method, 5-log FDA pathogen reduction rules, disputed nutrition claims.
Cole Haan
Cole Haan: American footwear and accessories brand founded in Chicago in 1928 by Trafton Cole and Edward Haan; Nike subsidiary 1988-2013, now owned by Apax Partners, known for the Grand hybrid dress-sneaker lines.
Coleslaw
Coleslaw (koolsla) is a cold salad of shredded raw cabbage with mayonnaise or vinegar dressing, from Dutch koolsla; first recorded 1794 as "cold slaw", served with barbecue, kept 3-5 days refrigerated.
Colin the Caterpillar
Colin the Caterpillar is M&S's chocolate celebration cake, sold since 1990 and made by Park Cakes in Oldham; over 15 million sold, known for the M&S v Aldi Cuthbert trademark dispute, Connie the Caterpillar, and Arctic Colin.
Collar (clothing)
Collar (clothing): the band of fabric attached around a garment's neckline, also called a band, mandarin, or shirt collar. Covers anatomy (stand, roll line, fall), flat/stand/roll/shawl types, construction, and history.
Collecting
Collecting: selecting, gathering, and keeping objects as hobby, investment, or museum foundation. From 16th-century cabinets of curiosities (Naturalia, Artificialia, Scientifica, Exotica) to the British Museum (1753) and today's figurine and collectibles markets.
Colleen Atwood
Colleen Atwood (born 1948), American costume designer; four-time Oscar winner (Chicago, Memoirs of a Geisha, Alice in Wonderland, Fantastic Beasts) from 12 nominations; Tim Burton collaborator and Emmy winner for Netflix's Wednesday.
College Street Coffee House
The College Street Coffee House, formally the Indian Coffee House at Albert Hall, is a worker-owned café in Kolkata, long the city's best-known venue for intellectual adda.