10 articles
Carmine
Carmine (E120, Natural Red 4, cochineal lake) is a red pigment of carminic acid chelated with aluminum and calcium, extracted from female Dactylopius coccus cochineal insects; FDA-listed at 21 CFR 73.100, ADI 2.5 mg carminic acid/kg bw/day, known allergen.
Coccidae
Coccidae, the soft scales or coccids, is the third largest scale insect family (1,281 species, 176 genera), phloem-feeding Hemiptera producing honeydew under attached wax covers, pests and virus vectors.
Cochineal
Cochineal (grana cochinilla, E 120, Natural Red 4) is a red dye of carminic acid from crushed female Dactylopius coccus scale insects on prickly pear cactus; about 70,000 insects yield 1 kg of dye, once Spain's second colonial export, now FDA-listed and EFSA-evaluated.
Comstockaspis perniciosa
Comstockaspis perniciosa, the San José scale (formerly Quadraspidiotus perniciosus), is an East Asian armored scale insect and major worldwide pest of apple, pear, peach, and plum, killing young trees within 2-3 years.
Diaspididae
Diaspididae, armored scale insects, the largest scale insect family (2,624 species, 421 genera); legless females under a waxy scale cover with a pygidium; major invasive plant pests.
Eriococcidae
Eriococcidae, the felt scales or eriococcid scales, is a family of about 560 species of plant-feeding scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea), fourth largest in the group, most diverse in the Southern Hemisphere, and shown by DNA studies to be non-monophyletic.
Maconellicoccus hirsutus
Maconellicoccus hirsutus, the pink hibiscus mealybug (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), a highly polyphagous scale insect native to southern Asia; pest of cotton, grapevine, mulberry, and hibiscus; controlled mainly by Anagyrus kamali biological control.
Margarodidae
Margarodidae (Cockerell, 1899), ground pearls and giant coccids, a scale insect family in Hemiptera; the broad Margarodidae sensu lato (457 species, 73 genera) is now split into 11 families including Margarodidae sensu stricto, Monophlebidae, and Matsucoccidae.
Mealybug
Mealybug (Pseudococcidae), scale insect family of over 2,000 sap-sucking species with wax-covered females; pests like citrus mealybug Planococcus citri, controlled by Cryptolaemus and parasitoids.
Scale insect
Scale insects (Coccoidea, Coccomorpha) are sedentary sap-sucking hemipterans with waxy covers; nearly 8,000 species, major pests of tea and citrus, and sources of cochineal dye and shellac.