202 articles
1 decanol
1-Decanol (decan-1-ol, decyl alcohol, CAS 112-30-1) is a C10 straight-chain fatty alcohol used as a fragrance and ester intermediate, food flavoring (FEMA 2365), and EU-approved tobacco plant growth regulator.
10 dodecen 1 yl acetate
(E)-10-dodecen-1-yl acetate, a Type I C12 ester, is the major sex pheromone of the spotted tentiform leafminer Phyllonorycter blancardella and is regulated in the European Union as an attractant.
11-Hydroxy-THC
11-Hydroxy-THC (11-OH-THC) is the major active liver metabolite of THC, formed mainly after oral dosing; roughly 10 times more potent than THC, it drives delayed edible intoxication and is quantified in drug-driving toxicology.
2 methyl 6 methylene 2, 7 octadien 1 ol
Myrcenol, (E)-2-methyl-6-methylene-2,7-octadien-1-ol, CAS 543-39-5, is a monoterpenoid alcohol, a bark beetle semiochemical for Ips species, and a non-approved EU-listed pesticide substance with a 0.01 mg/kg default MRL.
2-Methoxyestradiol
2-Methoxyestradiol (2ME2, also called 2-ME or Panzem) is an endogenous metabolite of estradiol with antiangiogenic, antimitotic, and proapoptotic activity, developed as an investigational anticancer drug.
2,3-Bisphosphoglyceric acid
2,3-Bisphosphoglyceric acid (2,3-BPG, 2,3-DPG) is an anionic phosphate in red blood cells, made via the Rapoport-Luebering shunt by BPGM, that binds deoxyhemoglobin's beta-cleft to lower oxygen affinity and aid tissue oxygen unloading.
3-Fucosyllactose
3-Fucosyllactose (3-FL), CAS 41312-47-4, a fucosylated trisaccharide human milk oligosaccharide (α1-3 fucose on lactose), distinct from 2'-FL; produced by engineered E. coli and approved as a novel food/GRAS ingredient.
3-Phosphoglycerate
3-Phosphoglycerate, also called glycerate 3-phosphate, is a three-carbon phosphorylated carboxylic acid that serves as an intermediate in glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and the Calvin cycle, and as the precursor for serine biosynthesis.
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, abbreviated DOPAC and also called homoprotocatechuic acid, is a catechol-type phenylacetic acid best known as a principal metabolite of dopamine, low in Parkinson's disease.
3'-Sialyllactose
3'-Sialyllactose (3'-SL, Neu5Acα2–3Galβ1–4Glc) is a sialylated human milk oligosaccharide trisaccharide, produced industrially by fermentation, GRAS-listed by FDA (GRNs 766–1299), and added to infant formula at about 0.2–0.28 g/L.
4-Hydroxytamoxifen
4-Hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT, afimoxifene) is a potent active metabolite of the breast cancer drug tamoxifen, identified in 1977, that binds the estrogen receptor as an antiestrogen and is studied as a topical gel.
5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide
5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide (AICA) is an aminoimidazole derivative whose ribonucleotide, AICAR, is an intermediate in purine biosynthesis, while its riboside, acadesine, is a widely used AMPK activator.
5-Phosphoribosyl-4-carboxy-5-aminoimidazole
5-Phosphoribosyl-4-carboxy-5-aminoimidazole (CAIR) is a phosphorylated intermediate of de novo purine biosynthesis, the only carbon-carbon bond-forming step, made by PurK and PurE in bacteria or PAICS in vertebrates.
6'-Sialyllactose
6'-Sialyllactose (6'-SL) sodium salt, a sialylated human milk oligosaccharide trisaccharide and isomer of 3'-SL, produced by E. coli fermentation and approved in the EU, US GRAS notices, and Australia for infant formula.
7-Hydroxymitragynine
7-Hydroxymitragynine (7-OH, 7-HMG) is a potent mu-opioid receptor alkaloid of kratom (Mitragyna speciosa), identified in 1993, present in trace leaf amounts, formed from mitragynine by CYP3A, and targeted by 2025-2026 US FDA and DEA scheduling actions.
9 tetradecen 1 ol
9-Tetradecen-1-ol (myristoleyl alcohol for the Z form) is a C14 unsaturated fatty alcohol, formula C14H28O, MW 212.37; the Z isomer is a moth pheromone component and EU-approved attractant, the E isomer CAS 52957-16-1.
A2 milk
A2 milk is cow's milk containing only the A2 β-casein variant, lacking A1; sold by The a2 Milk Company. It differs by one amino acid, may ease digestion, but does not help lactose intolerance or milk allergy.
Acetoacetic acid
Acetoacetic acid (acetoacetate, AcAc), a ketone body produced by liver β-oxidation of fatty acids; first ketone body formed, interconverted with β-hydroxybutyrate, decarboxylates to acetone, fuel and precursor in fasting and diabetic ketosis.
Adenine
Adenine (6-aminopurine, C5H5N5) is a purine nucleobase in DNA and RNA and in ATP, adenosine, and coenzymes; salvaged to AMP by APRT, first synthesized abiotically from HCN by Oró in 1960.
Adenosine
Adenosine (CAS 58-61-7) is a purine ribonucleoside of adenine and ribose, an RNA building block and stress signal acting at A1, A2A, A2B, A3 receptors; FDA-approved 1989 for supraventricular tachycardia.
Adenosine diphosphate
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP), adenosine pyrophosphate, is the two-phosphate product of ATP hydrolysis, regenerated to ATP by ATP synthase, central to energy charge, and a platelet P2Y1/P2Y12 agonist targeted by clopidogrel.
Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the cell's energy currency: adenine, ribose, and three phosphates; hydrolysis releases −7.3 kcal/mol standard; discovered by Lohmann in 1929, structure solved 1935; ~32 ATP per glucose.
Adiponectin
Adiponectin (Acrp30, apM1, GBP28) is the most abundant adipose-derived hormone, insulin-sensitizing and anti-atherogenic, reduced in obesity, acting via AdipoR1/R2 and AMPK, with a mortality paradox in advanced disease.
Adrenochrome
Adrenochrome (CAS 54-06-8, C9H9NO3) is the deep violet oxidation product of epinephrine, studied since 1937; its stable derivative carbazochrome is a hemostatic drug, and the QAnon child-harvesting conspiracy about it is debunked.
Advanced glycation end-product
Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) are stable, largely irreversible compounds formed when reducing sugars react non-enzymatically with proteins, lipids, or nucleic acids, accumulating in diabetes, aging, and kidney failure.
Agmatine
Agmatine (decarboxylated arginine, CAS 306-60-5) is an endogenous cationic amine made from L-arginine by arginine decarboxylase; discovered by Kossel in 1910, rediscovered in 1994 as a clonidine-displacing substance, it modulates imidazoline, α2-adrenergic, and NMDA receptors and nitric oxide synthase, with studied roles in neuropathic pain, mood, and cardiovascular regulation.
Allantoin
Allantoin (5-ureidohydantoin, glyoxyldiureide, C4H6N4O3) is a purine catabolism product, end product in most mammals, human oxidative-stress biomarker, plant nitrogen-transport ureide, and 0.5-2% skin protectant ingredient.
Allopregnanolone
Allopregnanolone is an endogenous neurosteroid and progesterone metabolite that modulates GABA-A receptors; its formulations brexanolone and zuranolone became the first FDA-approved medications for postpartum depression.
Ambergris
Ambergris (ambre gris, grey amber, whale vomit) is a waxy substance formed in sperm whale intestines around squid beaks, graded by color, used as a perfume fixative via ambrein, worth up to $25 per gram, and restricted by laws such as the US MMPA.
Amylin
Amylin (islet amyloid polypeptide, IAPP) is a 37-amino acid peptide hormone co-secreted with insulin from pancreatic beta cells; it slows gastric emptying, suppresses glucagon, induces satiety, forms islet amyloid in type 2 diabetes, and is the basis of pramlintide and new obesity drugs like CagriSema.