117 articles
FOXP3
FOXP3 (forkhead box P3) is an X-linked transcription factor, also called scurfin, essential for regulatory T cell development; mutations cause IPEX syndrome and the mouse scurfy phenotype, work central to the 2025 Nobel Prize.
GATA1
GATA1 (GATA binding protein 1, ERYF1, NF-E1) is an X-linked zinc finger transcription factor binding (A/T)GATA(A/G) motifs that master-regulates erythroid and megakaryocytic differentiation; its GATA1s truncation causes Down syndrome leukemias and dyserythropoietic anemia.
GATA2
GATA2 (GATA binding protein 2) is a zinc-finger transcription factor gene essential for hematopoietic stem cell maintenance; germline mutations cause GATA2 deficiency syndrome (MonoMAC, DCML, Emberger) with MDS/AML and immunodeficiency.
Glucitol operon activator
The glucitol operon activator, usually called GutM, is a small transcriptional activator protein in Escherichia coli that positively regulates the gut operon, the gene cluster that transports and metabolizes the sugar glucitol.
Glucocorticoid receptor
Glucocorticoid receptor (GR, NR3C1), a ligand-activated nuclear receptor for cortisol; three-domain structure, multiple splice isoforms, regulates up to 20% of the genome via GREs, nGREs, and NF-κB/AP-1 transrepression; target of selective modulators.
Growth-regulating factor
Growth-regulating factors (GRFs) are streptophyte-specific plant transcription factors with QLQ and WRC domains, forming the GRF-GIF-miR396 growth module; not the rose nursery GRF or growth hormone-releasing factor.
HIF1A
HIF1A (HIF-1α) is the human gene at 14q23.2 encoding the oxygen-regulated alpha subunit of hypoxia-inducible factor 1, the master hypoxia transcription factor; PHD/VHL degradation, 2019 Nobel Prize, cancer and anemia therapies.
Homeobox
Homeobox: a 180-nucleotide DNA sequence encoding the 60-amino-acid homeodomain, a helix-turn-helix DNA-binding motif in developmental transcription factors such as Hox genes, first discovered in Drosophila in 1983.
Homeobox protein
Homeobox protein: transcription factor encoded by a homeobox gene, containing a ~60-amino-acid homeodomain DNA-binding domain. Includes Hox proteins patterning animal body axes; discovered 1984 in Drosophila; distinct from homeobox genes generally.
Homeodomain
Homeodomain: a conserved 60-amino-acid helix-turn-helix DNA-binding domain encoded by the ~180-bp homeobox, discovered in Drosophila in 1984; found in transcription factors across eukaryotes, central to development and disease.
Hox gene
Hox genes: clustered homeobox transcription factor genes defining anterior-posterior body patterning in animals; discovered in Drosophila by Ed Lewis, 39 human HOX genes in four clusters, conserved collinearity, roles in development, cancer, and AML.
HTH-type transcriptional regulator DicA, C-terminal region
HTH-type transcriptional regulator DicA, C-terminal region: the C-terminal region of DicA, a predicted helix-turn-helix (HTH) DNA-binding transcriptional regulator; class-level features of HTH regulators and related phage repressor domain organization.
Invasion protein InvF
InvF (invasion protein InvF) is an AraC/XylS-family transcriptional activator in Salmonella pathogenicity island 1; with the chaperone SicA it activates effector genes of the SPI-1 type III secretion system and is required for host-cell entry.
JAK-STAT signaling pathway
JAK-STAT signaling pathway: cytokine receptors activate Janus kinases (JAK1-3, TYK2) that phosphorylate STAT transcription factors, which dimerize and enter the nucleus. Discovered via interferon studies; regulated by SOCS, PIAS, phosphatases; linked to immune deficiency, leukemia, inflammation.
JUNB
JUNB (JunB proto-oncogene, AP-1 transcription factor subunit), on chromosome 19p13.13, encodes a ~35 kDa bZIP transcription factor of the AP-1 complex that represses c-Jun, negatively regulates proliferation, and acts as tumor suppressor or oncogene by context.
LexA repressor
LexA repressor, the lexA gene product of E. coli and many bacteria, represses SOS DNA repair genes at SOS box operators until RecA-ssDNA triggers its autocleavage; absent from mammals, a drug target.
Liver X receptor
Liver X receptors (LXRα/NR1H3, LXRβ/NR1H2) are oxysterol-activated nuclear receptors, RXR heterodimer partners, that regulate cholesterol efflux, bile acid synthesis, lipogenesis, and inflammation.
LOB domain-containing protein
LOB domain-containing (LBD/ASL) proteins are plant-specific transcription factors with a ~100 aa LOB domain (CX2CX6CX3C motif, GAS block, leucine zipper); they bind the GCGGCG motif and regulate leaf, root, vascular, and fruit development.
MarR-type HTH domain
The MarR-type HTH domain is a winged helix-turn-helix DNA-binding domain of about 135 residues in MarR/SlyA-family regulators, named after E. coli MarR, the multiple antibiotic resistance regulator.
Methionine repressor MetJ
Methionine repressor MetJ, E. coli ribbon-helix-helix transcription factor (gene metJ, b3938); with corepressor SAM it represses the methionine regulon by binding 8-bp metbox DNA arrays.
Molybdenum transport protein ModE-like
Molybdenum transport protein ModE-like (InterPro IPR051815): bacterial molybdate-responsive transcriptional regulators, archetype E. coli ModE, a homodimer with winged HTH DNA-binding and Mop molybdate-binding domains that represses modABC and activates molybdoenzyme genes.
Myogenic factor
Myogenic factors (MRFs: MyoD, Myf5, myogenin, MRF4/Myf6) are muscle-specific bHLH transcription factors that determine and differentiate skeletal muscle lineage, binding E-box DNA with E-proteins; MyoD, found in 1987, reprograms fibroblasts to muscle.
NAC domain
NAC domain (IPR003441, NAC-dom): ~160-amino-acid N-terminal DNA-binding and dimerization domain of plant-specific NAC (NAM, ATAF1/2, CUC2) transcription factors; beta-fold dimer binding DNA's major groove, five subdomains A-E, regulating plant development and stress responses.
NF-κB
NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) is a transcription factor family discovered by Sen and Baltimore in 1986, regulating immunity and inflammation via canonical (IKKβ/IκBα) and non-canonical (NIK/IKKα/p100) pathways, and implicated in cancer and inflammatory disease.
Nitrogen regulatory AreA, N-terminal
Nitrogen regulatory AreA, N-terminal (InterPro IPR011420) is the N-terminal protein domain of AreA, the GATA transcription factor mediating nitrogen metabolite repression in Aspergillus fungi; the region is variable and dispensable for DNA binding but affects derepression.
NR4A2
NR4A2 (NURR1, NOT, TINUR, RNR1, HZF-3) is a human orphan nuclear receptor transcription factor on chromosome 2, an immediate early gene essential for dopaminergic neuron development and implicated in Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, and neurodevelopmental disorder.
Nuclear Factor Erythroid-derived 2-like
Nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like (NFE2L, also called NF-E2-related factor or Nrf) is a family of bZIP transcription factors that regulate stress-responsive gene expression in animals.
Nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT)
NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T cells), also NF-AT or NFATC proteins, is a five-member transcription factor family (NFATc1-c4, NFAT5/TonEBP) activated by calcium-calmodulin-calcineurin signaling, targeted by cyclosporin A and FK506, and involved in immunity, development, cancer, and autoimmunity.
Nuclear hormone receptor, ligand-binding domain
Nuclear hormone receptor ligand-binding domain (LBD), region E of nuclear receptors; C-terminal ~250-residue 12-helix sandwich with hydrophobic ligand-binding pocket and AF-2 helix 12 charge clamp for coactivator recruitment; main drug discovery target.
Nuclear receptor
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are ligand-activated transcription factors, 48 in humans, that bind steroids, thyroid hormone, vitamin D, retinoic acid, and fatty acids, bind DNA at hormone response elements, and are targets for 15–20% of drugs.