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Aerobic organism
Aerobic organism (aerobe): an organism requiring molecular oxygen for growth, using it as the terminal electron acceptor in respiration. Includes obligate aerobes like Mycobacterium tuberculosis and microaerophiles needing 1–10% oxygen; defended by superoxide dismutase.
Aerolysin
Aerolysin is a heptameric beta-pore-forming toxin from Aeromonas hydrophila, founding member of the aerolysin-like protein family, activated from proaerolysin and used as a nanopore sensor.
Aerolysin-like, C-terminal
Aerolysin-like, C-terminal (IPR055267, Aerolysin-like_C) is an InterPro domain describing the C-terminal pore-forming region of aerolysin-family beta-pore-forming proteins, carried by toxins such as aerolysin P09167, BinB, and Dln1 across all kingdoms of life.
Aestivation
Aestivation, also spelled estivation, is a state of animal dormancy during hot or dry periods, like hibernation but in summer; in botany it means the folding of petals in a flower bud.
Afadin
Afadin (AF-6, MLLT4 gene product) is an F-actin-binding adaptor protein that binds nectins via its PDZ domain, linking them to the actin cytoskeleton at adherens and tight junctions; essential for junction organization in mouse development.
AFF1
AFF1 (AF4, MLLT2), gene at 4q21.3 encoding a super elongation complex scaffold; fused to KMT2A by t(4;11)(q21;q23), it defines the most common KMT2A fusion in acute lymphoblastic leukemia.
Affinity capture
Affinity capture is a biochemical method that enriches a target protein or complex from cell extract using an antibody or affinity tag on a solid medium.
Affinity labeling
Affinity labeling covalently tags a biomolecule's binding site using a reactive analog of its ligand, identifying binding partners, drug targets, and active-site residues; in its photoaffinity form, light activates the probe.
Affinity precipitation
Affinity precipitation is a bioseparation method that selectively precipitates a target protein by binding it to a stimuli-responsive polymer, releasing it by changing pH, salt, or temperature.
AFP
AFP (alpha-fetoprotein, HGNC 317, gene ID 174) is a fetal serum glycoprotein at 4q13.3, the albumin family's fetal counterpart, used as an HCC and pregnancy biomarker; distinct from Agent Federation Protocol and ATLAS Forward Proton.
African swine fever virus, family 110
African swine fever virus, family 110 (MGF 110, multigene family 110) is a gene family of ASFV, encoding about-110-amino-acid proteins that modulate host immunity and virulence.
Agarose
Agarose, a neutral polysaccharide from red algae, forms thermoreversible gels used as the standard electrophoresis matrix for DNA fragments above roughly 1 kb, and as microspheres and hydrogels for chromatography, drug delivery, and tissue engineering.
Agarose gel electrophoresis
Agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE) separates DNA and RNA fragments by size through a porous agarose matrix, typically 0.5–2% gels, 100 bp to 30 kb, TAE/TBE buffers, ethidium bromide staining, distinct from higher-resolution polyacrylamide PAGE.
AGER
AGER (RAGE), receptor for advanced glycation end products, is a chromosome 6p21.32 immunoglobulin-superfamily gene encoding a multiligand pattern-recognition receptor; highly expressed in lung, linked to diabetes, Alzheimer's, and inflammatory disease.
Agglutination (biology)
Agglutination (biology): clumping of cells, bacteria, or latex particles by specific antibody; basis of blood typing (Landsteiner, ABO) and serodiagnostic tests such as DAT, MAT, latex agglutination, and IHA.
Agmatinase
Agmatinase (agmatine ureohydrolase, AUH, EC 3.5.3.11, speB) is a manganese-dependent arginase-family enzyme hydrolyzing agmatine to putrescine and urea; the human AGMAT ortholog's activity is debated.
Agmatine
Agmatine (decarboxylated arginine, CAS 306-60-5) is an endogenous cationic amine made from L-arginine by arginine decarboxylase; discovered by Kossel in 1910, rediscovered in 1994 as a clonidine-displacing substance, it modulates imidazoline, α2-adrenergic, and NMDA receptors and nitric oxide synthase, with studied roles in neuropathic pain, mood, and cardiovascular regulation.
AGO1
AGO1 (EIF2C1, HGNC:3262) is a human chromosome 1p34.3 gene encoding a non-catalytic Argonaute of RISC that silences miRNA targets by translational repression and deadenylation, one of four tandem-clustered AGO paralogs.
AGO2
AGO2, also called EIF2C2, is a human Argonaute protein that serves as the catalytic engine of RISC, the only human paralog able to slice target RNA.
AGR2
AGR2 (anterior gradient 2, PDIA17, HAG-2) is a human ER-resident protein disulfide isomerase on chromosome 7p21.1 with a non-canonical CXXS active site; it folds mucins and EGFR, is overexpressed in many cancers, and is secreted pro-oncogenically.
Agropine synthesis reductase
Agropine synthesis reductase is a reductase encoded by the mas1' gene on Agrobacterium Ti and Ri plasmids that converts deoxyfructosylglutamine to mannopine in transformed plant cells.
AGTR1
AGTR1, also known as angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1R), is a human gene on chromosome 3 encoding a G protein-coupled receptor targeted by ARB drugs.
AGTR2
AGTR2 (angiotensin II receptor type 2, AT2, MRX88) is an Xq23 gene encoding a GPCR for angiotensin II, highly expressed in fetal tissue, pro-apoptotic, linked to disputed X-linked cognitive disability and cardiovascular SNP associations.
AHCY
AHCY (adenosylhomocysteinase, SAHH, EC 3.3.1.1) is the sole mammalian enzyme hydrolyzing S-adenosylhomocysteine to adenosine and homocysteine, controlling cellular methylation capacity; its gene sits on chromosome 20q11.22, and biallelic mutations cause rare autosomal recessive hypermethioninemia (OMIM 613752).
AHNAK
AHNAK (desmoyokin, AHNAK1), UniProt Q09666, is a 5,890-aa, 629.1-kDa human scaffolding protein on chromosome 11q12 that the S100A10-annexin A2 heterotetramer recruits for calcium-dependent plasma membrane repair, also regulating L-type calcium channels and acting context-dependently in cancer.
AHSG
AHSG (alpha 2-HS glycoprotein, HGNC:349) is the human gene on chromosome 3q27.3 encoding fetuin-A, a liver-derived 367-amino-acid plasma glycoprotein that inhibits ectopic calcification, modulates insulin receptor signaling, and whose variants such as rs4917 strongly determine serum fetuin-A levels.
AICA-ribosiduria
AICA-ribosiduria (ATIC deficiency, OMIM 608688) is an ultra-rare autosomal recessive purine biosynthesis disorder causing AICA-riboside accumulation, severe neurodevelopmental impairment, blindness, epilepsy, and scoliosis; no cure, purine diet under trial.
AICDA
AICDA, also known as AID, is a human gene on chromosome 12 that encodes an enzyme required for somatic hypermutation and class-switch recombination in B cells.
AIF1
AIF1 (allograft inflammatory factor 1, IBA1) is a 17 kDa calcium- and actin-binding EF-hand protein at 6p21.33, induced by IFN-γ in macrophages and microglia, and the standard microglial marker.
AIFM1
AIFM1 (apoptosis-inducing factor, mitochondria associated 1; AIF, PDCD8) is an Xq26.1 human gene encoding a 57 kDa FAD-dependent NADH oxidoreductase of the mitochondrial intermembrane space that supports respiratory chain assembly and mediates caspase-independent cell death; mutations cause COXPD6 and CMTX4.