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Cerebral venous thrombosis in pregnancy
Cerebral venous thrombosis in pregnancy, also called CVST or obstetric cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, is clotting of dural venous sinuses or cerebral veins during pregnancy or the puerperium; risk peaks postpartum, LMWH is first-line therapy, and maternal mortality reaches about 8%.
Cerebral venous thrombosis in the puerperium
Cerebral venous thrombosis in the puerperium is a rare but serious stroke, caused by blood clots in the brain's venous sinuses in the six weeks after childbirth.
Cerebrofacial arteriovenous metameric syndrome
Cerebrofacial arteriovenous metameric syndrome (CAMS), formerly Bonnet-Dechaume-Blanc or Wyburn-Mason syndrome, is a rare sporadic disorder of ipsilateral metameric brain, orbital, and facial AVMs in three subtypes, presenting before the third decade.
Cerebrum
Cerebrum: the largest brain division, two hemispheres joined by the corpus callosum, four lobes each, folded cerebral cortex, basal nuclei, and higher functions like language, memory, and vision.
Cervical aortic arch
Cervical aortic arch (CAA), a rare congenital anomaly first described by Reid in 1914, in which the aortic arch sits above the clavicles; often a pulsatile neck mass, classified by Haughton types A–E, treated surgically when symptomatic.
Cervical dilation
Cervical dilation is the widening of the cervix from closed to 10 cm during childbirth, tracked to define labor phases; active phase starts at 4-6 cm depending on guideline, and arrest drives cesarean decisions.
Cervical lymph nodes
Cervical lymph nodes are the neck's lymph nodes, classified into levels I–VII by the Memorial Sloan-Kettering system (Shah, 1981). The level system defines boundaries, drainage patterns, neck dissection types, and radiation target delineation.
Cervical lymphadenopathy
Cervical lymphadenopathy: abnormal enlargement of neck lymph nodes, usually >1 cm. Common in children (45-57% palpable), mostly viral/reactive; age guides cause, with cancer suspected over 60; ultrasound first-line in children, CT/MRI in adults.
Cervical rib
Cervical rib (Eve's rib): supernumerary rib from C7, present in roughly 0.2–1% of people, more often in women; usually asymptomatic but a leading cause of thoracic outlet syndrome, treated by rib resection when conservative care fails.
Cervical spinal nerves
The cervical spinal nerves are the eight pairs of neck nerves, C1 to C8, exiting above their same-numbered vertebrae and forming the cervical and brachial plexuses.
Cervical thymic cyst
Cervical thymic cyst is a rare, fluid-filled neck mass typically located near the carotid sheath. It is usually found incidentally and requires complete surgical excision for treatment.
Cervical vertebrae
Cervical vertebrae (C1-C7): the seven neck bones of the human spine, including the atlas (C1), axis (C2), and vertebra prominens (C7), with transverse foramina for the vertebral arteries and the neck's greatest range of motion.
Cervix
Cervix (cervix uteri): the lower, narrow end of the uterus connecting it to the vagina, about 2.5-3.5 cm long, with endocervix, ectocervix, and squamocolumnar junction; dilates to 10 cm in labor and is the site sampled in Pap and HPV screening.
Chemical senses
Chemical senses: olfaction (smell), gustation (taste), and trigeminal chemesthesis, the sensory systems detecting airborne, ingested, and irritant chemicals, their receptors, brain integration into flavor, and clinical dysfunction.
Chemosis
Chemosis (conjunctival chemosis) is edema and ballooning of the conjunctiva, usually from infection, allergy, injury, or eyelid surgery such as blepharoplasty; treated by addressing the cause, with cold packs, lubrication, and medications.
Cherry angioma
Cherry angioma, also called Campbell de Morgan spot or senile angioma, is a benign red skin growth of dilated capillaries, 1 to 5 mm, common after age 30 and in 75% of adults over 75, treated by laser or electrosurgery if needed.
Chest hair
Chest hair: terminal body hair growing on the male chest after puberty under DHT stimulation; a secondary sex trait varying by ethnicity, studied in Caucasian and Chinese men, and commonly removed by shaving or waxing.
Chiari malformation
Chiari malformation (Arnold-Chiari malformation): hindbrain defect where cerebellar tonsils herniate ≥3-5 mm below the foramen magnum, type 1 most common, prevalence 0.24-2.6%, treated by posterior fossa decompression with or without duraplasty.
Chief cell of parathyroid gland
Parathyroid chief cell (principal cell), the PTH-secreting endocrine cell of the parathyroid glands; senses ionized calcium via the CaSR, sets the calciostat at ~1.1–1.2 mM, and gives rise to adenomas and chief cell hyperplasia.
Child
Child: a human being under 18 years per the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, also called a minor. Covers age definitions (infant, child 1–10, adolescent 10–19), the 19th-century rise of pediatrics, and child health: under-five mortality down 60% since 1990, stunting, and vaccination gaps.
Chin
The chin (mental protuberance) is the bony midline prominence of the human mandible, unique to Homo sapiens and used to identify our fossils; hypotheses include mastication, sexual selection, speech, and spandrel explanations.
Cholecystokinin
Cholecystokinin (CCK), also called pancreozymin, is a gut peptide hormone discovered in 1928 by Ivy and Oldberg, structurally identified in 1968 as sulfated CCK-33, that contracts the gallbladder, stimulates pancreatic enzyme secretion, and signals satiety.
Cholecystokinin receptor
Cholecystokinin receptors (CCK1R/CCKAR, CCK2R/CCKBR): class A GPCRs for CCK and gastrin. CCK1R needs sulfated CCK, couples Gs/Gq; CCK2R is the gastrin receptor, couples Gq; cloned 1992, cryo-EM structures 2022.
Cholesteatoma
Cholesteatoma: a benign keratin cyst of the middle ear and mastoid that erodes bone. Also called pearly tumor; treated surgically by canal wall up or down mastoidectomy, with 39% cumulative recurrence at 15 years.
Cholesteatoma of external auditory canal
External auditory canal cholesteatoma (EACC), also called canal cholesteatoma, is a rare keratin-filled, bone-eroding ear canal lesion, distinguished from keratosis obturans by osteonecrosis and treated by debridement or surgery.
Cholesteatoma of middle ear
Middle ear cholesteatoma: benign but destructive keratin squamous epithelium cyst in the middle ear, also called acquired or congenital cholesteatoma, causing bone erosion, hearing loss, and treated by mastoidectomy surgery.
Cholesterol
Cholesterol: a 27-carbon waxy sterol in all cell membranes, precursor of hormones, vitamin D, and bile acids; made by the body, carried by LDL and HDL, and central to atherosclerosis.
Cholinergic
Cholinergic: relating to acetylcholine, the first identified neurotransmitter. Covers cholinergic neurons, nicotinic and muscarinic receptors, ChAT/VAChT/CHT-1 machinery, basal forebrain Ch1-Ch4 groups, and the cholinergic hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease.
Cholinergic neuron
Cholinergic neurons are nerve cells that synthesize and release acetylcholine (ACh) as their neurotransmitter; cell bodies are mainly located in the basal forebrain, brainstem, and striatum.
Chorda tympani
Chorda tympani: branch of the facial nerve (CN VII) crossing the middle ear between malleus and incus, joining the lingual nerve; carries anterior two-thirds tongue taste and parasympathetic fibers to submandibular and sublingual glands.