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Mucopurulent conjunctivitis
Mucopurulent conjunctivitis (ICD-11 9A60.3, ICD-10 H10.0), bacterial conjunctival infection with mucus-and-pus discharge and matted eyelids; usually self-limited, antibiotics modestly speed cure.
Mucosal Immunity
Mucosal immunity: immune defense at the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and urogenital mucous membranes, mediated mainly by secretory IgA, distinct from systemic immunity and central to mucosal vaccine development.
Mucous membrane
A mucous membrane, or mucosa, is the moist epithelial lining of body cavities such as the gut, respiratory passages, and mouth, which produces mucus and aids immunity.
Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial
MADIT (Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial), a 1996 University of Rochester randomized trial showing prophylactic ICDs cut mortality 54% in post-infarction patients; followed by MADIT II, MADIT-CRT, and MADIT-RIT.
Multifocal atrial tachycardia
Multifocal atrial tachycardia (MAT), also called chaotic atrial tachycardia, is an irregular arrhythmia with at least three P-wave morphologies at rates over 100 bpm, seen mostly in elderly COPD patients and treated first by correcting underlying causes.
Multifocal Intraocular Lenses
Multifocal intraocular lenses (MIOLs), including bifocal, trifocal, refractive, and diffractive designs, are implanted IOLs giving near, intermediate, and distance vision after cataract surgery, trading reduced contrast sensitivity and halos for spectacle independence.
Multifocal lymphangioendotheliomatosis-thrombocytopenia syndrome
Multifocal lymphangioendotheliomatosis-thrombocytopenia syndrome (MLT), also called cutaneovisceral angiomatosis-thrombocytopenia syndrome, is a rare lymphatic disorder first described in 2004, with congenital skin and gastrointestinal vascular lesions that deplete platelets and bleed.
Multifocal pattern dystrophy simulating fundus flavimaculatus
Multifocal pattern dystrophy simulating fundus flavimaculatus (MPDSFF), also called pseudo-Stargardt pattern dystrophy, is a rare autosomal dominant PRPH2-related retinal pigment epithelium dystrophy with adult-onset yellow flecks, hyperautofluorescence, no dark choroid, and a better prognosis than Stargardt disease.
Multiple evanescent white dot syndrome
Multiple evanescent white dot syndrome (MEWDS) is a rare, acute, usually unilateral, self-limiting outer retinal inflammatory disease of young women, first described by Jampol in 1984, diagnosed by ICGA/FAF/OCT imaging and resolving within weeks.
MUSA-BEA study
MUSA-BEA (Bicocca Epidemiological Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk Factors, NCT07207603) is an observational pilot cohort study screening Bicocca district residents in Milan for cardiovascular risk, exposome, and environmental factors within the PNRR-funded MUSA ecosystem.
Muscle
Muscle: contractile animal tissue in three types, skeletal (voluntary, striated, ~40% of body weight), cardiac (involuntary, intercalated disks), and smooth (involuntary, nonstriated); contracts via actin-myosin sliding filaments; ages into sarcopenia.
Muscle contraction
Muscle contraction: ATP-driven actin-myosin sliding in sarcomeres, described by the 1954 Huxley sliding filament theory; covers excitation-contraction coupling, the cross-bridge cycle, isometric, isotonic, concentric, and eccentric contraction types, and fatigue.
Muscle fatigue
Muscle fatigue: exercise-induced reduction in a muscle's force or power capacity, split into central (reduced voluntary activation) and peripheral (impaired EC coupling, calcium, metabolites) mechanisms.
Muscle hypertrophy
Muscle hypertrophy, also called skeletal muscle growth, is the enlargement of muscle fibers via net protein accretion driven by resistance training; volume is the key dose-response variable, while load, frequency, and training to failure matter less than commonly assumed.
Muscle Relaxation
Muscle relaxation is the twitch phase in which muscle returns to rest, driven by SERCA pumping calcium back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum; fatigue, low temperature, aging, and spasticity slow it.
Muscle spindle
Muscle spindle (Muskelspindeln): encapsulated stretch receptor in skeletal muscle, built of intrafusal bag and chain fibers with Ia and II afferents and gamma motor innervation; signals muscle length and stretch velocity for proprioception and the stretch reflex.
Muscle Strength
Muscle strength: the maximal force generated by muscle contraction, measured isometrically, isotonically, or isokinetically via manual muscle testing (MRC 0-5 scale) or dynamometers, from 1763 devices to modern hand-held and isokinetic dynamometry.
Muscle tone
Muscle tone is the resting tension in skeletal muscle, combining active neural (stretch reflex, gamma drive) and passive viscoelastic components; clinically assessed by resistance to passive movement, with hypertonia (spasticity, rigidity) or hypotonia as abnormalities.
Muscles of respiration
Muscles of respiration: the diaphragm, intercostal and accessory muscles, and abdominal muscles that drive breathing; diaphragm is the main inspiratory muscle, with scalenes and parasternal intercostals assisting.
Muscles of the hand
Muscles of the hand: extrinsic forearm-bellied muscles and 19 intrinsic muscles in four groups (thenar, hypothenar, interossei, lumbricals), ulnar/median innervation, and claw versus intrinsic-plus deformities.
Muscles of the hip
Muscles of the hip: 21 muscles crossing the hip joint, grouped as flexors, extensors, abductors, adductors, and the six deep external rotators (piriformis, obturator internus and externus, gemelli, quadratus femoris), with attachments, architecture, and surgical relevance.
Muscular hypertonia
Muscular hypertonia, also called muscle hypertonia or increased muscle tone, is abnormally stiff, resistant muscles from upper motor neuron lesions, classified as spasticity, rigidity, dystonia, or paratonia; ICD-11 code MB47.8.
Muscular system
Muscular system: the skeletal muscles and their connective tissues, over 600 muscles making up nearly half of body mass; also covers cardiac and smooth muscle, contraction, fatigue, and sarcopenia.
Mydriasis
Mydriasis is abnormal pupil dilation, caused by iris dilator stimulation, sphincter paralysis, trauma, third nerve palsy, Adie tonic pupil, or pharmacologic agents; dilute pilocarpine testing distinguishes pharmacologic from neurologic causes.
Myelomalacia
Myelomalacia is softening of the spinal cord after ischemia, compression, or contusion; seen on MRI as T2 hyperintensity, it marks chronic cord injury in degenerative cervical myelopathy and predicts white cord syndrome after decompression.
Myelopathy
Myelopathy is spinal cord dysfunction, usually from compression; types are cervical, thoracic, and lumbar, with degenerative cervical myelopathy the most common cause in adults, treated with bracing, therapy, medication, or decompression surgery.
Myocardial infarction complications
The complications of a myocardial infarction, or heart attack, range from arrhythmias and pericarditis within hours to myocardial rupture, ventricular aneurysm, and Dressler syndrome over weeks.
Myocardial infarction in people with diabetes
Myocardial infarction in people with diabetes is an acute coronary syndrome carrying roughly double to triple the risk, with more atypical, symptomless presentations and higher mortality.
Myocardial infarction in women
Myocardial infarction in women is heart attack in female patients, which differs from men in mechanism, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment; women are treated less promptly and have worse outcomes.
Myocardial rupture
Myocardial rupture, or cardiac rupture, is a tear of the infarcted heart wall, septum, or papillary muscle after acute MI. Incidence fell from about 6% to 1–2% with reperfusion; mortality remains 40–90% and surgery is definitive.