2,701 articles
Neuroma
Neuroma: a non-neoplastic, disorganized proliferation of nerve tissue after peripheral nerve injury, also called Morton's neuroma (perineural fibrosis of the foot's plantar digital nerve), causing neuropathic pain.
Neuromusculoskeletal modeling
Neuromusculoskeletal modeling is a computational approach that simulates the coupled dynamics of the nervous system, muscles, and skeleton to estimate muscle forces, joint moments, and movement.
Neuronal calcium sensor
Neuronal calcium sensor (NCS) proteins, also called neuronal Ca2+-sensor proteins, are a 14-gene mammalian family of EF-hand calcium-binding proteins in neurons and photoreceptors, including NCS-1, recoverin, GCAPs, KChIPs, VILIPs, hippocalcin, and neurocalcin-δ.
Neuronal migration
Neuronal migration is the process by which newborn neurons travel from their birthplace to their final positions, using radial routes along glial fibers and tangential routes.
Neuronal System
Neuronal System (Reactome R-HSA-112316) is a top-level human pathway in the Reactome database covering electrical and chemical synaptic transmission, potassium channels, and synaptic protein interactions, with 416 genes in release 97.
Neuronal tracing
Neuronal tracing, also called axonal tracing, is a set of neuroanatomical techniques that label axon paths with chemical probes or viruses to visualize how neurons connect.
NeuroNames
NeuroNames: University of Washington neuroanatomical nomenclature and ontology behind BrainInfo, giving unique standard names, synonyms, and hierarchies for brain structures; UMLS vocabulary and basis of NIFSTD brain regions.
Neuropeptide Y
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36-amino acid peptide neurotransmitter and hormone, one of the most abundant in the mammalian brain, that regulates feeding, stress responses, and cardiovascular function.
Neuropeptides
Neuropeptides: endogenous peptide signaling molecules acting as neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, and hormones; distinct from the Elsevier journal Neuropeptides (ISSN 0143-4179, launched 1980, JIF 2.7).
Neurophysiology
Neurophysiology is the branch of physiology studying nervous system function, from ion channels and action potentials to synaptic transmission and behavior. Key landmarks: Galvani's animal electricity, the 1952 Hodgkin-Huxley model, and clinical tools such as EEG and EMG.
Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity (neural plasticity, brain plasticity): the nervous system's lifelong ability to reorganize structure, function, and connections, via synaptic and structural change, critical periods, and post-injury recovery.
Neuropsychologia
Neuropsychologia is an Elsevier peer-reviewed journal founded in 1963, the first with "neuropsychologia" in its name, publishing experimental and theoretical studies linking brain function to human cognition, with editors from Hécaen to Mick Rugg.
Neuropsychological rehabilitation
Neuropsychological rehabilitation: clinical restoration and compensation of cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and psychosocial impairments after acquired brain injury; uses ICF outcomes, goal-based strategy training, and combined cognitive-psychological interventions (g = 0.42).
Neuroreport
Neuroreport (NeuroReport), ISSN 0959-4965, is a peer-reviewed rapid-communication neuroscience journal founded in 1990, published 18 times a year by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins and indexed in MEDLINE since its first issue.
Neurorights and neurotechnology regulation
Neurorights are legal protections for mental integrity against neurotechnology. Chile amended its constitution in 2021, the OECD set the first standard in 2019, and UNESCO adopted a global recommendation in 2025.
Neuroscience Information Framework
Neuroscience Information Framework (NIF), at neuinfo.org, is an NIH Blueprint-funded semantic search portal and resource inventory for neuroscience, created 2005, in production since 2008, using the NIFSTD ontology and federated queries over databases, tools, and literature.
Neuroscience research
Neuroscience research: study of the nervous system and its publishing ecosystem of about 750 journals, spanning society titles like Neuroscience Research (Japan Neuroscience Society), open access models, peer review variants, and citation metrics.
Neurosecretion
Neurosecretion: hormone and transmitter release by nerve cells; neurosecretory neurons link nervous and endocrine systems. Proposed by Speidel 1917 and the Scharrers, established by Bargmann 1949, founding neuroendocrinology.
Neurotransmission
Neurotransmission, also called synaptic transmission, is how neurons, muscles, and glands communicate: an excited cell releases a neurotransmitter that crosses the synapse to activate or inhibit the receiving cell.
Neurotrophic keratopathy
Neurotrophic keratopathy (neurotrophic keratitis) is a rare degenerative corneal disease from trigeminal nerve damage causing loss of corneal sensation, poor healing, and ulceration; treated with cenegermin, serum drops, amniotic membrane, tarsorrhaphy, or neurotization.
Neurotrophin
Neurotrophins: family of neuronal growth factors (NGF, BDNF, NT-3, NT-4/5) signaling via TrkA/B/C and p75NTR receptors; discovered through NGF work by Levi-Montalcini and Cohen, 1986 Nobel Prize.
Neurotrophin-3
Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3, NTF3) is a member of the mammalian neurotrophin growth factor family, discovered in 1990; it signals mainly through TrkC and also binds TrkA, TrkB, and p75NTR, supporting proprioceptive and sensory neuron survival.
Neurotrophin-4
Neurotrophin-4 (NT-4, NT-4/5, NT-5) is the least-studied mammalian neurotrophin, first found in Xenopus and viper, cloned in humans 1992 on chromosome 19q13.3. It signals mainly through TrkB, needs p75 for efficient signaling, and regulates sensory innervation, appetite, memory, fertility, and motor innervation.
Neurulation
Neurulation is embryonic formation of the neural tube from the neural plate, via primary (folding and fusion) and secondary (tail-bud canalization) phases; failure causes neural tube defects such as spina bifida and anencephaly, partly preventable with folic acid.
Neutron capture therapy of cancer
Neutron capture therapy of cancer (BNCT): radiation therapy injecting boron-10 drugs that collect in tumors, then irradiating with neutrons; 10B(n,alpha)7Li reaction, Hatanaka's 58% 5-year GBM survival, Japan 2020 insurance approval.
Nicardipine
Nicardipine, sold as Cardene and as Perdipine in Japan, is a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker used to treat hypertension and chronic stable angina, available orally or intravenously.
Nicorandil
Nicorandil (Ikorel) is a nicotinamide nitrate ester antianginal drug, a KATP channel opener and nitric oxide donor, EMA-approved but not FDA-approved, used second-line for stable angina and limited by ulceration risk.
NIfTI
NIfTI (Neuroimaging Informatics Technology Initiative) is a file format for storing neuroimaging data, developed by a National Institutes of Health working group in the early 2000s.
Night vision
Night vision: low-light seeing mediated by rod photoreceptors and rhodopsin, restored through slow dark adaptation and the RPE visual cycle; vitamin A deficiency, Oguchi disease, and AMD delay it.
Nightmare
Nightmare: an extended, extremely dysphoric dream, usually in REM sleep; nightmare disorder affects 3.5-8.3% of adults. Treated with imagery rehearsal therapy and prazosin.