2,701 articles
Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt
Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS): an interventional radiology procedure creating a stent channel between portal and hepatic veins to treat portal hypertension complications; first done in Freiburg, 1988; ePTFE-covered stents outperform bare stents.
Transplant rejection
Transplant rejection is the recipient immune system's attack on grafted tissue, spanning hyperacute, acute cellular, antibody-mediated, and chronic forms; diagnosed by biopsy under the Banff classification, it affects 10-15% of kidney recipients in year one and causes about half of kidney allograft losses.
Transverse abdominal muscle
Transversus abdominis (TrA, TVA), the deepest anterolateral abdominal wall muscle; transverse fibers compress viscera, raise intra-abdominal pressure, and tense the linea alba, central to trunk stabilization, DRA rehabilitation, and the TAP block.
Trapezius
Trapezius: large triangular back muscle from occiput to T12 inserting on clavicle, acromion, and scapular spine; upper, middle, lower parts; innervated by spinal accessory nerve (CN XI); palsy causes lateral scapular winging.
TRAS study
TRAS study (NCT04225338) is a retrospective cohort study at Brazil's Federal University of São Paulo evaluating 8-year mortality and graft failure after percutaneous intervention for transplant renal artery stenosis.
Traumatic aortic rupture
Traumatic aortic rupture, or blunt traumatic aortic injury (BTAI), is a deceleration tear of the aorta, usually at the isthmus, from motor vehicle crashes; 80% die prehospital, diagnosed by contrast CT, treated mainly with delayed TEVAR.
Traumatic asphyxia
Traumatic asphyxia, also called Perthes syndrome or masque ecchymotique, is a rare crush-injury syndrome from thoracic compression causing cervicofacial cyanosis, petechiae, and subconjunctival hemorrhage via valveless SVC backflow.
Traumatic brain injury
Traumatic brain injury (TBI), also called concussion in its mild form, is brain dysfunction from a bump, blow, jolt, or penetrating head injury; classified by Glasgow Coma Scale as mild, moderate, or severe, causing about 69 million injuries yearly.
Traumatic cerebral oedema
Traumatic cerebral oedema (ICD-11 NA07.2) is fluid accumulation in brain tissue after traumatic brain injury, occurring in over 60% of mass-lesion cases. Subtypes include cytotoxic, vasogenic, and ionic edema; treatment uses hyperosmolar therapy, CSF drainage, and decompressive craniectomy, with corticosteroids contraindicated.
Traumatic intracerebral haemorrhage
Traumatic intracerebral haemorrhage (TICH, ICD-11 NA07.1) is brain parenchymal bleeding caused by external head trauma, distinct from spontaneous ICH; it affects younger patients and carries a much better prognosis (67% vs 24% favorable outcomes).
TraVi_II study
TraVi_II (TraVi II), NCT06776107, is a retrospective cross-sectional study of factors associated with ICU mortality in 80 traumatic brain injury patients at Hospital Departamental de Villavicencio, Colombia, 2019-2024; no results posted.
Trendelenburg's sign
Trendelenburg's sign: drop of the pelvis on the unsupported side during single-leg stance, indicating hip abductor (gluteus medius/minimus) weakness; described by Friedrich Trendelenburg in 1897, tested over 30 seconds, with modest diagnostic accuracy.
Triceps
Triceps brachii, the three-headed extensor muscle of the posterior arm supplied by the radial nerve with frequent axillary and ulnar variations; its distal tendon ruptures are rare, mostly in male weightlifters, repaired surgically with good outcomes.
Trichiasis without entropion
Trichiasis without entropion (ICD-11 9A04.0) is misdirected eyelashes touching the cornea or conjunctiva with a normal lid margin position. Causes include blepharitis, trachoma, and burns; treated by epilation, electrolysis, laser, or surgery.
Trichromacy
Trichromacy: normal human color vision based on three cone classes (L, M, S) such that any color can be matched with three primaries; foundation of colorimetry, distinct from dichromacy and tetrachromacy.
Tricuspid regurgitation
Tricuspid regurgitation, also known as tricuspid insufficiency, is a right-sided heart valve disease in which the tricuspid valve fails to close fully, letting blood leak backward.
Tricuspid valve
Tricuspid valve (right atrioventricular valve): heart valve between right atrium and right ventricle with three leaflets, chordae tendineae, and the largest cardiac orifice (7-9 cm2); main disease is tricuspid regurgitation, treated by diuretics, surgery, or transcatheter repair/replacement.
Trigeminal nerve
Trigeminal nerve (CN V), the largest cranial nerve, a mixed sensory and motor nerve with ophthalmic (V1), maxillary (V2), and mandibular (V3) branches; V3 alone carries motor fibers to the muscles of mastication; best-known disorder is trigeminal neuralgia.
Triiodothyronine
Triiodothyronine (T3, liothyronine as drug), the biologically most active thyroid hormone, discovered 1952 by Gross and Pitt-Rivers, mainly generated from T4 by deiodinases, and used in hypothyroidism treatment.
Trochlear nerve
Trochlear nerve (CN IV), fourth cranial nerve, purely motor to the superior oblique muscle; smallest cranial nerve with the longest intracranial course and the only dorsal brainstem exit; palsy causes vertical diplopia and head tilt.
Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia
Tropical pulmonary eosinophilia (TPE, Weingarten 1943) is a hypersensitivity lung disease from lymphatic filarial microfilariae (Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi) trapped in the lungs, causing nocturnal cough, wheezing, eosinophilia over 3,000/µL, and treated with diethylcarbamazine.
Tropical spastic paraparesis
Tropical spastic paraparesis, or HAM/TSP, is a chronic HTLV-1-caused inflammatory myelopathy of the lower thoracic cord with progressive spastic paraparesis and bladder dysfunction; steroids help, antiretrovirals do not, mogamulizumab is emerging.
Troponin
Troponin: cardiac regulatory protein complex (TnC, TnI, TnT) of striated muscle; its cardiac subunits cTnI and cTnT are the standard blood biomarkers for diagnosing myocardial infarction, now measured with high-sensitivity assays.
Troponin I
Troponin I (cTnI) is the inhibitory subunit of the troponin complex and a cardiac-specific biomarker for myocardial infarction; released 4-10 h after injury, measured by high-sensitivity immunoassays against the 99th percentile cutoff.
TTM trial
TTM trial (Target Temperature Management 33°C versus 36°C after Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest): randomized trial in 950 comatose OHCA survivors across 36 European and Australian ICUs; found no survival or neurological difference between 33°C and 36°C targets.
TTM-2 trial
TTM2 (Targeted Hypothermia versus Targeted Normothermia after Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest), also called TTM-2, NCT02908308: 2021 NEJM randomized trial, 1,900 comatose OHCA adults, 33°C cooling versus normothermia with fever treatment; no 6-month survival or neurologic benefit, more arrhythmias with hypothermia.
Tuberculous lymphadenitis
Tuberculous lymphadenitis (scrofula, king's evil) is the most common extrapulmonary tuberculosis, mainly cervical nodes; diagnosed by FNA, culture, Xpert, histology; treated with 6-month regimens.
Tubocurarine
Tubocurarine, also called d-tubocurarine, is the active alkaloid of curare that blocks neuromuscular transmission; isolated in 1935, it became the first muscle relaxant used in anesthesia in 1942.
Tumefactive multiple sclerosis
Tumefactive multiple sclerosis (TMS), also called tumefactive demyelinating lesion, is a rare MS variant with demyelinating lesions over 2 cm that mimic brain tumors on MRI.
Tunnel vision
Tunnel vision, or peripheral vision loss, narrows the visual field to central vision only. Causes include glaucoma, retinitis pigmentosa, retinal detachment, migraine, and low blood pressure; legal blindness is a field of 20 degrees or less.