20 articles
10–20 system
The 10–20 system is the international standard method for placing EEG electrodes on the human scalp, defining positions as percentages of distances between four skull landmarks; it was published by Herbert H. Jasper in 1958.
Berlin Questionnaire
The Berlin Questionnaire is a self-administered screening tool for obstructive sleep apnea in adults, covering snoring, daytime sleepiness, and hypertension or obesity, developed for primary care in 1999.
Continuous EEG monitoring
Continuous EEG (cEEG) monitoring records brain electrical activity with synchronized video for hours to weeks in critically ill patients, the reference standard for detecting electrographic seizures.
Cycle ergometry
Cycle ergometry is an exercise testing method in which a patient pedals a stationary bicycle ergometer against controlled resistance, with power output prescribed in watts and cardiopulmonary responses recorded.
Diffuse optical spectroscopy
Diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS) is a noninvasive technique that uses near-infrared light to measure hemoglobin, water, and lipid in thick tissue, applied to breast cancer monitoring and cerebral hemodynamics.
Electrophysiological mapping
Electrophysiological mapping is a clinical technique recording electrical activity from many points on cardiac or cortical tissue, localizing abnormal conduction paths and seizure foci for treatment planning.
Evoked Potentials
Evoked potentials are nervous system electrical responses time-locked to visual, auditory, somatosensory, or motor stimuli, under a microvolt to several microvolts, extracted by averaging; used diagnostically, intraoperatively, and for prognosis.
Finger tapping test
The finger tapping test (FTT), also called the finger oscillation test, is a neuropsychological assessment measuring psychomotor speed by counting index-finger taps in 10-second trials.
Intracranial electroencephalography
Intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) records brain electrical activity from electrodes inside the skull, either on the cortical surface (ECoG) or within the brain (SEEG), to localize seizure onset before surgery for drug-resistant epilepsy.
Motor evoked potential monitoring
Motor evoked potential (MEP) monitoring is a neurophysiological technique that records muscle responses to transcranial electrical or magnetic stimulation, providing near-real-time measurement of corticospinal tract integrity during surgery.
Multifocal electroretinography
Multifocal electroretinography (mfERG) is an electrophysiological technique that records electrical responses from many retinal regions at once, mapping cone function to detect maculopathies and hydroxychloroquine toxicity.
Neurophysiological monitoring
Neurophysiological monitoring is the continuous measurement of nervous system function to diagnose disorders and protect neural pathways during surgery, using EEG, EMG, and evoked potentials.
Oculography
Oculography is the clinical recording of eye movements, including saccades, smooth pursuit, and nystagmus, to assess vestibular, neurological, and ocular motor disorders, chiefly by electro-oculography and video-oculography.
Pressure gradient measurement
Pressure gradient measurement is the clinical measurement of the pressure difference across a narrowed heart valve or vessel, done by Doppler echocardiography or catheterization to grade stenosis severity.
Somatosensory Evoked Potentials
Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs, also written SSEPs) are electrical responses recorded from the nervous system after peripheral nerve stimulation, used to diagnose lesions, predict outcome, and monitor surgery.
Tensiomyography
Tensiomyography (TMG) is a non-invasive diagnostic method that measures the radial displacement of a superficial muscle during an electrically evoked twitch, used mainly in sports science.
Thermodilution
Thermodilution is a hemodynamic monitoring technique that measures cardiac output by injecting cold fluid into the bloodstream and recording the temperature change downstream, used in intensive care.
Uroflowmetry
Uroflowmetry is a noninvasive diagnostic test that measures the flow rate of the urinary stream in mL/s, used as first-line screening for lower urinary tract symptoms.
Wada test
The Wada test, also called the intracarotid sodium amobarbital procedure, is a pre-surgical test that anesthetizes one brain hemisphere at a time, mapping language and memory before epilepsy surgery.
Xenodiagnosis
Xenodiagnosis is a diagnostic method in which laboratory-reared triatomine bugs feed on a patient's blood and are later examined for Trypanosoma cruzi, mainly to confirm chronic Chagas disease.