45 articles
4Kscore
The 4Kscore is a blood test combining four prostate-derived kallikrein biomarkers with age and exam findings to estimate the probability of aggressive prostate cancer on biopsy.
Abnormal glucose tolerance test
Abnormal glucose tolerance test: an OGTT result above defined thresholds (2-h PG 140–199 mg/dL = IGT, ≥200 mg/dL = diabetes; pregnancy-specific one-step 75-g or two-step 100-g criteria for gestational diabetes).
Basophil activation test
The basophil activation test is a flow cytometry blood test that diagnoses IgE-mediated allergy by measuring CD63 and CD203c activation on basophils exposed to a suspected allergen.
Chemiluminescent assay
A chemiluminescent assay is a laboratory method that measures hormones, antibodies, or tumor markers through light emitted by a chemical reaction, first reported in 1978.
Chromosome analysis
Chromosome analysis is a cytogenetic laboratory method that examines the number and structure of chromosomes in dividing cells, most commonly by G-banded karyotyping, to diagnose constitutional and acquired chromosomal disorders.
Clinical biochemistry
Clinical biochemistry (clinical chemistry, chemical pathology): laboratory discipline analyzing blood, urine, and CSF for metabolites, hormones, electrolytes, and enzymes; rooted in Wöhler's 1828 urea synthesis; central to diagnosis, monitoring, and evidence-based laboratory medicine.
Clinical chemistry
Clinical chemistry: laboratory-medicine discipline measuring blood and urine analytes for diagnosis; roots in 19th-century medicine; US field organized by AACC/ADLM (founded 1948), whose flagship journal Clinical Chemistry (ISSN 0009-9147) launched 1955.
Diabetes screening
Diabetes screening tests asymptomatic or at-risk people for diabetes and prediabetes using fasting glucose, glucose tolerance, or HbA1c tests, aiming to detect disease before symptoms appear.
Direct fluorescent antibody technique
The direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) technique detects specific antigens directly in patient specimens using fluorescently labeled antibodies read under a microscope, giving results in about an hour.
Dried blood spot testing
Dried blood spot testing is a clinical method in which a drop of capillary blood is dried on filter paper and analyzed, underpinning newborn screening.
Enzyme immunoassay
An enzyme immunoassay (EIA) is a biochemical test using an enzyme-labeled antibody to detect and quantify analytes in biological samples; the plate-based ELISA is its most common form.
Finger stick
A finger stick is a minimally invasive procedure that pricks a fingertip with a lancet to obtain capillary blood for testing, especially glucose monitoring in diabetes.
Gene panel testing
Gene panel testing is a diagnostic method that sequences multiple genes associated with a suspected condition, such as cancer or an inherited disease, at once.
Glucose testing
Glucose testing is the clinical measurement of glucose concentration in blood or other body fluids, used to screen for, diagnose, and monitor diabetes and other disorders of glucose metabolism.
Guaiac-based fecal occult blood test
The guaiac-based fecal occult blood test (gFOBT) is a chemical stool test that detects heme from bleeding anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract, used for colorectal cancer screening.
Hepatitis serology
Hepatitis serology is blood-based testing for hepatitis virus antigens and antibodies, used to diagnose infection, stage it as acute or chronic, and establish immunity, complemented by nucleic acid testing.
HER2 testing
HER2 testing is the laboratory measurement of HER2 protein overexpression or ERBB2 gene amplification in tumors, using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, to guide anti-HER2 therapy.
HIV viral load measurement
HIV viral load measurement is a nucleic acid amplification test that quantifies HIV RNA in blood plasma, reported in copies per milliliter, to guide antiretroviral therapy and monitor treatment response.
Homeostatic model assessment
Homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) is a mathematical method that estimates insulin resistance and beta-cell function from a single fasting blood sample, widely used in diabetes research since 1985.
Hypocalciuria
Hypocalciuria (low urinary calcium; ICD-11 MF98.3), also called low urine calcium. Key causes: familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (CASR, GNA11, AP2S1 mutations), thiazides, lithium, vitamin D deficiency; CCCR <0.01 suggests FHH over primary hyperparathyroidism.
Hypokaluria
Hypokaluria, also spelled hypokaliuria, is a decreased concentration of potassium in the urine, measured in 24-hour collections to tell renal potassium wasting apart from poor intake or gastrointestinal loss.
Hypophosphaturia
Hypophosphaturia (低リン酸尿症), ICD-11 MF98.6, is abnormally low urinary phosphate, a lab finding distinct from hypophosphatemia; it indicates nonrenal causes such as poor absorption or cellular shift rather than renal phosphate wasting.
Indirect ELISA
Indirect ELISA is an immunoassay that measures specific antibodies in serum or plasma, using an enzyme-linked secondary antibody for amplification and greater sensitivity than direct ELISA.
Interferon gamma release assay
The interferon gamma release assay, or IGRA, is a blood test that measures interferon-gamma released by T cells exposed to tuberculosis antigens, detecting infection, mainly latent tuberculosis, without BCG interference.
Latex agglutination
Latex agglutination is a rapid immunoassay in which antibody- or antigen-coated latex beads visibly clump within minutes, detecting antigens or antibodies in over 100 infectious diseases.
Line probe assay
A line probe assay (LPA) is a nucleic acid test that amplifies DNA by multiplex PCR and detects it on a membrane strip, used for tuberculosis drug-resistance testing.
Liquid-based cytology
Liquid-based cytology is a specimen preparation method that suspends cells in preservative fluid and deposits a thin, uniform slide layer, introduced in the 1990s for Pap screening.
MGMT promoter methylation testing
MGMT promoter methylation testing is a clinical biomarker assay that detects methylation of the MGMT gene promoter, used mainly in glioblastoma to predict benefit from temozolomide.
Microneutralization assay
The microneutralization assay is a serological test measuring whether serum antibodies, primarily against hemagglutinin, neutralize live virus in cultured cells, used chiefly for influenza and pandemic virology.
Microscopic haematuria
Microscopic haematuria, or microhematuria, is 3 or more red blood cells per high-power field on urine microscopy with normal-appearing urine. Guided by AUA/SUFU risk stratification (low, intermediate, high) for cystoscopy and imaging.