27 articles
Aberrometry
Aberrometry is an optical diagnostic technique that measures the wavefront aberrations of the eye, used to plan wavefront-guided laser surgery, select intraocular lenses, and diagnose corneal disease.
Clock drawing test
The clock drawing test is a neuropsychological screen in which a person draws a clock set to ten after eleven, probing planning, memory, and visuospatial function.
Color Perception Tests
Color perception tests are vision tests for detecting color vision defects: Ishihara and HRR pseudoisochromatic plates for screening, Farnsworth D-15 and 100-hue arrangement tests, and the anomaloscope, the gold-standard diagnostic instrument.
Contrast Sensitivity
Contrast sensitivity is the ability of the visual system to detect small differences in brightness between an object and its background, measured clinically with tests like the Pelli-Robson chart.
Corneal pachymetry
Corneal pachymetry is the measurement of corneal thickness, most often central thickness of about 540 µm, using ultrasound or optical instruments to assess glaucoma risk and screen for refractive surgery.
Diabetic retinopathy screening
Diabetic retinopathy screening is a systematic eye examination, usually digital fundus photography, that detects retinal damage from diabetes before symptoms appear, since early treatment can prevent vision loss.
Ear-EEG
Ear-EEG is a wearable EEG method that records brain activity from electrodes placed in or around the ear canal, enabling unobtrusive long-term monitoring of sleep, auditory responses, and brain state.
Evoked response audiometry
Evoked response audiometry (ERA) is a diagnostic audiology method that estimates hearing thresholds from the brain's electrical responses to sound, used for patients unable to complete behavioral testing.
Glucose clamp technique
The glucose clamp technique, or euglycemic clamp, is a method that holds blood glucose constant to measure insulin sensitivity, introduced by DeFronzo and colleagues in 1979.
Hopkins Symptom Checklist
The Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL) is a family of self-report questionnaires measuring depression and anxiety symptoms, used in clinical screening and psychiatric research since 1974.
Indirect calorimetry
Indirect calorimetry is a clinical method that estimates energy expenditure and substrate use from oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production, considered the gold standard in clinical settings.
Microperimetry
Microperimetry is a psychophysical eye test measuring retinal light sensitivity at defined points while infrared fundus tracking assigns each stimulus to a known retinal location.
Normal electroretinogram
Normal electroretinogram: retinal electrical response to light within age- and electrode-specific reference limits under ISCEV standard dark- and light-adapted full-field or pattern ERG protocols.
Nottingham Health Profile
The Nottingham Health Profile (NHP) is a self-administered questionnaire measuring perceived physical, emotional, and social health problems through yes/no statements, introduced in 1981 at the University of Nottingham.
Ocular Refraction
Ocular refraction (eye refraction, retinoscopy, autorefraction) is the clinical measurement of the eye's refractive error to derive an eyeglass or contact lens prescription, by subjective, objective, or cycloplegic methods.
Ophthalmological Diagnostic Techniques
Ophthalmological diagnostic techniques (MeSH D003941) are methods for diagnosing eye and vision disorders: comprehensive eye exams, tonometry, ophthalmoscopy, OCT, ultrasound, angiography, and AI-based retinal analysis.
Ophthalmoscopes
Ophthalmoscopes: instruments for viewing the eye's fundus. Invented by Helmholtz (1850/1851); types include direct (handheld, 15x, erect image), binocular indirect (head-mounted, 20D lens, inverted 3D view), and scanning laser ophthalmoscopes.
Orthoptics
Orthoptics is an allied health discipline concerned with the assessment, diagnosis, and non-surgical treatment of binocular vision, eye movement, and eye alignment disorders, including amblyopia and strabismus.
Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test
The Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) is a neuropsychological test in which digits heard at a fixed pace are added in pairs, used in brain injury and multiple sclerosis.
QRS detection
QRS detection, also known as QRS complex detection, locates the QRS complexes in an electrocardiogram recording, marking each heartbeat so heart rate can be measured.
Quantitative electroencephalography
Quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) is the mathematical processing of digitally recorded EEG, using spectral analysis and normative comparison to supplement, never replace, visual reading by a trained electroencephalographer.
Retinoscopes
Retinoscopes (skiascopy instruments): handheld streak or spot devices for objective refraction by observing the retinal light reflex; Copeland streak design (1927), FDA Class I code HKM, cycloplegic retinoscopy the pediatric refraction standard.
Static perimetry
Static perimetry, also known as standard automated perimetry, is an ophthalmic test measuring visual field sensitivity at fixed grid locations, the clinical standard for glaucoma since the 1980s.
Teller Acuity Cards
Teller Acuity Cards (TAC) are a behavioral vision test measuring grating acuity in infants, toddlers, and other preverbal patients by preferential looking, introduced in 1986.
Vestibular function tests
Vestibular function tests are a group of clinical diagnostic procedures measuring the inner ear's balance organs and vestibular pathways to evaluate dizziness and balance disorders.
Vision Tests
Vision tests (eye tests, vision screening) check near and far vision, usually with Snellen or similar charts, to detect amblyopia, strabismus, and refractive error; accuracy varies by test, age, and screener, and abnormal results require comprehensive eye exams.
Visual field testing
Visual field testing measures how sensitive vision is to light across the field, most commonly with automated perimetry, to detect and monitor glaucoma and other eye or neurological disease.