92 articles
J. Marion Sims
J. Marion Sims (1813–1883), American surgeon called the father of modern gynecology, developed vesicovaginal fistula repair, the Sims speculum and position, and founded New York's Woman's Hospital, but experimented without anesthesia on enslaved women, making his legacy deeply contested.
Jerris R. Hedges
Jerris R. Hedges is an American emergency physician who served as Dean of the John A. Burns School of Medicine in Hawaii from 2008 to 2023.
Jianan Li
Jianan Li (Li Jian'an) is a Chinese rehabilitation-medicine physician at Nanjing Medical University, elected a Foreign Associate of the U.S. National Academy of Medicine in 2014.
John A. Downey
John A. Downey was an American physician in physical medicine and rehabilitation at Columbia University, where he chaired the department from 1974 to 1991 and studied temperature regulation in spinal cord injury.
Jolanta Wadowska-Król
Jolanta Wadowska-Król (1939–2023), Polish pediatrician, "Matka Boska Szopienicka", exposed 1970s mass lead poisoning of children near the Szopienice smelter in Katowice; honored late, subject of Netflix series Lead Children.
Jonathan F. Bean
Jonathan F. Bean is an American physiatrist and Harvard Medical School professor who directs the New England GRECC at VA Boston and studies rehabilitation in older adults.
Joseph St. Geme Jr.
Joseph W. St. Geme Jr. (1931–1986) was an American pediatrician who chaired pediatrics at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and served as dean of the University of Colorado School of Medicine.
Judith E. Tintinalli
Judith E. Tintinalli is an American emergency physician, founding chair of the Department of Emergency Medicine at UNC-Chapel Hill from 1991 to 2007 and editor-in-chief of Tintinalli's Emergency Medicine, the field's largest-selling textbook.
Kadambini Ganguly (কাদম্বিনী বসু গাঙ্গুলি)
Kadambini Ganguly, née Basu (1861–1923), was an Indian physician and social reformer, the first Indian woman to practice Western medicine and one of British India's first two female graduates in 1883.
Kamala Selvaraj
Kamala Selvaraj (கமலா செல்வராஜ்), Chennai obstetrician-gynecologist and daughter of Gemini Ganesan; founded GG Hospital's Fertility Research Centre and delivered South India's first test tube baby in August 1990.
Larry Culpepper
Larry Culpepper is an American family physician who founded the Department of Family Medicine at Boston University School of Medicine and joined the National Academy of Medicine in 1998.
Leonid Rogozov
Leonid Ivanovich Rogozov (Леони́д Ива́нович Ро́гозов, 1934–2000), Soviet surgeon of the Sixth Antarctic Expedition who removed his own appendix at Novolazarevskaya Station on 1 May 1961, the first solo wilderness auto-appendectomy.
Lewis R. Goldfrank
Lewis R. Goldfrank is an American emergency physician and medical toxicologist at NYU Langone Health and Bellevue Hospital, considered a founder of both emergency medicine and medical toxicology.
Linamara Rizzo Battistella
Linamara Rizzo Battistella is a Brazilian physiatrist, Titular Professor at the University of São Paulo, and first São Paulo State Secretary for the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.
Lynn P. Carmichael
Lynn P. Carmichael (1929–2009) was an American family physician at the University of Miami who built the first family medicine residency program in the United States.
Marjorie A. Bowman
Marjorie A. Bowman is an American family physician and researcher elected to the Institute of Medicine in 1993 and editor of the Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine from 2003 to 2026.
Mary Claire Haver
Mary Claire Haver, American board-certified OB-GYN and Menopause Society Certified Practitioner, founder of The 'Pause Life and Mary Claire Wellness Clinic, author of The Galveston Diet and the NYT bestseller The New Menopause, and prominent advocate for menopausal hormone therapy.
Mary E. D’Alton
Mary E. D'Alton is an Irish-born maternal-fetal medicine specialist who is Obstetrician and Gynecologist-in-Chief at Columbia University Irving Medical Center, elected to the National Academy of Medicine in 2013.
Medical specialty
Medical specialty: a defined branch of medicine with focused training and certification, originating in 1830s Paris; includes ABMS 24 boards, UK 65 specialties, UEMS 43 sections, and subspecialization trends.
Michael L. Callaham
Michael L. Callaham is an American emergency physician at UCSF, founding chair of its emergency medicine department and longtime editor-in-chief of Annals of Emergency Medicine.
Michelle H. Biros
Michelle H. Biros is an American emergency physician and researcher at the University of Minnesota, elected to the National Academy of Medicine in 2009 for creating the exception-from-informed-consent rule for emergency research.
Midwife
Midwife: educated, registered professional providing autonomous care during pregnancy, birth, and postpartum, per ICM definition; also called midwifery-led care; evidence shows fewer caesareans and instrumental births, 900,000 global shortage.
Neonatology
Neonatology: pediatric subspecialty for medical care of newborn infants, especially preterm and ill babies, practiced in NICUs. Covers incubators, surfactant, CPAP, resuscitation, family-centred care, and disparities.
Nephrologists
Nephrologists, also called renal physicians, are internal medicine specialists treating kidney disease, dialysis, hypertension, and transplant care. US density is 3.6 per 100,000; projected 2025–2037 demand growth of 19.5% far exceeds 1.4% supply growth.
Nephrology (νεφρός)
Nephrology (νεφρός, kidney) is the internal medicine specialty for kidney disease, hypertension, dialysis, and transplantation; coined by A.A. Osman, it emerged as a specialty around 1960.
Neurology
Neurology: medical specialty for diagnosis and treatment of nervous system disorders. Emerged from internal medicine and psychiatry; ABPN 1934, AAN 1948; US workforce 24,950 clinicians in 2025.
Norman F. Gant
Norman F. Gant, also known as Norman F. Gant Jr., is an American obstetrician-gynecologist at UT Southwestern known for the angiotensin II pressor-response test in pregnancy.
Obstetricians
Obstetricians: physicians specializing in obstetrics (pregnancy and childbirth care). Also called accoucheurs historically; certified by ABOG in the US; distinct from midwife-led maternity care.
Obstetrics
Obstetrics is the medical specialty covering pregnancy, childbirth, and the postnatal period. Key facts: 287,000 maternal deaths in 2020, 140 million annual births, 81% skilled attendance, home/FMU birth evidence, and 2027 US payment reform.
Obstetrics and gynaecology
Obstetrics and gynaecology (OB-GYN, O&G) is the combined medical-surgical specialty covering pregnancy, childbirth, and female reproductive health, with subspecialties like maternal-fetal medicine and gynecologic oncology and active debate over splitting the fields.