559 articles
Fanconi Anemia Pathway
Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway, also called the FA-BRCA pathway: a DNA repair pathway for interstrand crosslinks, activated by FANCL/UBE2T monoubiquitination of FANCD2-FANCI and coordinating nucleases, translesion synthesis, and homologous recombination.
Ferric carboxymaltose
Ferric carboxymaltose (Injectafer, Ferinject) is an intravenous iron(III)-hydroxide carbohydrate complex approved in 2013 for iron deficiency anemia; notable for single high-dose dosing and FGF23-mediated hypophosphatemia risk, now under an FDA boxed warning.
Ferric maltol
Ferric maltol (Feraccru, Accrufer) is an oral ferric iron-trimaltol complex for iron deficiency with or without anemia, approved in Europe and the US, dosed 30 mg twice daily, with gastrointestinal tolerability better than ferrous salts.
Ferrous bisglycinate
Ferrous bisglycinate (ferrous bis-glycine chelate, FeBC), an iron(II)-glycine amino acid chelate supplement and fortificant; GRAS (GRN 19, 1999); higher bioavailability and fewer GI side effects than iron salts, though clinical superiority is unproven.
Ferumoxytol
Ferumoxytol, sold as Feraheme, is an intravenous iron replacement drug approved in the United States in 2009 for iron deficiency anemia in adults, especially with chronic kidney disease.
Fetal blood loss
Fetal blood loss (ICD-11 KA80, 胎児失血) is loss of blood from the fetal circulation during pregnancy, labour, or delivery, including fetomaternal hemorrhage, vasa praevia, ruptured cord, and co-twin hemorrhage, causing fetal anemia or death.
Fibrosis of spleen
Fibrosis of spleen (fibrotic spleen, ICD-11 3B81.9) is excess fibrous connective tissue causing partial or complete splenic degradation, following trauma, toxicity, inflammation, infarction, or neoplasia; confirmed by imaging and elastography.
Follicular lymphoma
Follicular lymphoma (FL) is an indolent B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma with nodular growth, t(14;18) IGH::BCL2 in 85% of cases, median survival near 20 years, and risk of DLBCL transformation.
Follicular lymphoma grade 1
Follicular lymphoma grade 1 (ICD-O-3 9695/3, ICD-11 2A80.0) is the lowest-grade, indolent follicle center B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, defined by 0–5 centroblasts per high-power field, t(14;18) in up to 90% of grades 1–2, and treatment as indolent disease.
Follicular lymphoma grade 2
Follicular lymphoma grade 2 (ICD-11 2A80.1) is an indolent germinal-center B-cell lymphoma with 6-15 centroblasts per high-power field, grouped with grade 1 as grade 1-2 FL and optional in WHO-HAEM5.
Follicular lymphoma grade 3
Follicular lymphoma grade 3 (FL3, grades 3A and 3B) is an aggressive subtype of follicular B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma with over 15 centroblasts per high-power field; grade 3B is treated like diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.
Follicular lymphoma in situ
Follicular lymphoma in situ, now in situ follicular B-cell neoplasm (ISFN), is an incidental t(14;18)-positive BCL2/CD10-strong colonization of germinal centers in reactive nodes, with low progression risk (about 5%).
Folliculotropic mycosis fungoides
Folliculotropic mycosis fungoides (follicular, pilotropic MF) is a WHO-EORTC-recognized variant of mycosis fungoides in which T cells infiltrate hair follicles, sparing the epidermis, favoring head and neck, with follicular mucinosis, eyebrow plaques, alopecia, and stage-dependent survival.
GA-10
GA-10, also written GA10, is a human Burkitt lymphoma cell line established in 1996 from the blood of a male patient whose lymphoma resisted CHOP chemotherapy.
Gemtuzumab ozogamicin
Gemtuzumab ozogamicin (Mylotarg), a CD33-targeted antibody-drug conjugate with calicheamicin for acute myeloid leukemia; approved 2000, withdrawn 2010, reapproved 2017 at fractionated 3 mg/m2 dosing.
Genetic and molecular prognostic markers in chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Genetic and molecular prognostic markers in chronic lymphocytic leukemia are chromosomal deletions and IGHV mutation status that predict how quickly the disease progresses and responds to therapy.
Giant platelet disorder
Giant platelet disorder, also called macrothrombocytopenia: inherited platelet disorders with abnormally large platelets and low counts, chiefly Bernard-Soulier syndrome (GPIb-V-IX defect, autosomal recessive) and MYH9-related disorders (MYH9 gene, autosomal dominant).
Glanzmann thrombasthenia
Glanzmann thrombasthenia (GT), a rare autosomal recessive platelet disorder from ITGA2B/ITGB3 mutations, lacks the αIIbβ3 fibrinogen receptor, causing mucocutaneous bleeding treated with antifibrinolytics, rFVIIa, and platelets.
Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase
Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI, phosphoglucose isomerase), enzyme catalyzing glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate in glycolysis; GPI gene 19q13.1; autosomal recessive GPI deficiency causes chronic nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia, ~100 cases reported.
Granta-519
Granta-519 (GRANTA-519, CVCL_1818) is a human mantle cell lymphoma cell line from a 58-year-old woman's peripheral blood, carrying t(11;14) with cyclin D1 overexpression, CDKN2A deletion, and ATM deficiency; a standard MCL research model.
Granulomatous slack skin
Granulomatous slack skin (GSS), a rare WHO-EORTC-recognized subtype of mycosis fungoides, causes pendulous lax skin folds in axillae and groin; under 50 cases reported, male-predominant, indolent but sometimes lethal, methotrexate-responsive.
Gray platelet syndrome
Gray platelet syndrome (GPS, alpha storage pool deficiency) is a rare inherited bleeding disorder caused by NBEAL2 mutations, causing macrothrombocytopenia, absent platelet alpha-granules, gray platelets on smear, myelofibrosis, and splenomegaly.
Haemoglobinuria
Haemoglobinuria (hemoglobinuria, hemoglobin in urine) is free hemoglobin in urine from intravascular red cell hemolysis after haptoglobin saturation; dipstick positive without red cells; causes include PNH, malaria, burns, and march hemoglobinuria.
Haemolytic uraemic syndrome
Haemolytic uraemic syndrome (Gasser syndrome, ICD-11 3A21.2), a thrombotic microangiopathy with thrombocytopenia, hemolytic anemia, and kidney injury; usually Shiga toxin E. coli, sometimes complement-mediated aHUS.
Haemoperitoneum
Haemoperitoneum (hemoperitoneum, intraperitoneal hemorrhage) is blood accumulating in the peritoneal cavity from internal bleeding. Causes are traumatic (liver, spleen), spontaneous (ectopic pregnancy, ruptured aneurysm, ovarian cyst), or iatrogenic; ICD-10 K66.1, ICD-11 DC51.2.
Haemophilia
Haemophilia, an inherited X-linked bleeding disorder from factor VIII (haemophilia A) or factor IX (haemophilia B, Christmas disease) deficiency; affects about 1 in 5,000 male births, treated with factor replacement, emicizumab, and AAV gene therapy.
Haemophilia A
Haemophilia A (classic hemophilia) is an X-linked bleeding disorder from factor VIII deficiency, affecting about 1 in 5,000 male births. Treated with factor replacement, emicizumab, efanesoctocog alfa, and the AAV5 gene therapy Roctavian.
Haemophilia B
Haemophilia B, also called Christmas disease, is an X-linked factor IX deficiency from F9 gene mutations, causing bleeding; treated with factor IX replacement, extended half-life products, and the 2022 gene therapy Hemgenix.
Haemophilia in European royalty
Haemophilia in European royalty: the X-linked bleeding disorder spread from Queen Victoria, a carrier, through daughters Alice and Beatrice to the Russian, Spanish, and German royal houses; identified in 2009 as haemophilia B (F9 mutation).
Hairy cell leukemia
Hairy cell leukemia (HCL, HCL variant) is a rare indolent B-cell leukemia with hairy-appearing cells, BRAF V600E in >95% of classic cases, splenomegaly, pancytopenia, and cladribine-rituximab treatment.